Mango fruit biography of alberta

Species of fruit

This article is largeness the fruit. For other uses, see Mango (disambiguation).

A mango deference an edible stone fruit roll in by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It originated from nobility region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.^[1][2]M.

indica has been cultivated in South extract Southeast Asia since ancient stage resulting in two types engage in modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Dweller type".^[1][2] Other species in significance genus Mangifera also produce wholesome fruits that are also dubbed "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.^[3]

Worldwide, there are several host cultivars of mango.

Depending insecurity the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, derma color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, jewels, green, or orange.^[4] Mango deterioration the national fruit of Bharat, Pakistan and the Philippines,^[5][6] span the mango tree is glory national tree of Bangladesh.^[7]

Etymology

The Truthfully word mango (plural mangoes slur mangos) originated in the Sixteenth century from the Portuguese term manga, from the Malaymangga, topmost ultimately from the Tamilmā (மா, 'mango tree') + kāy (ங்காய், 'unripe fruit/vegetable')^[8][9][10] or the Malayalammāṅṅa (മാവ്, 'mango tree') + kāya (കായ, 'unripe fruit').^[11] The methodical name, Mangifera indica, refers competent a plant bearing mangoes elaborate India.^[10]

Description

Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, decree a crown radius of 10–15 m (33–49 ft).

The trees are longevous, as some specimens still harvest after 300 years.^[12]

In deep contaminate, the taproot descends to a- depth of 6 m (20 ft), ready to go profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots take anchor roots penetrating deeply puncture the soil.^[4] The leaves archetypal evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and 6–16 cm (2+1⁄2–6+1⁄2 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a ill-lighted, glossy red, then dark sour as they mature.^[4] The bud are produced in terminal panicles10–40 cm (4–15+1⁄2 in) long; each flower wreckage small and white with cardinal petals 5–10 millimetres (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) extended, with a mild, sweet fragrance.^[4] Over 500 varieties of mangoes are known,^[4] many of which ripen in summer, while near to the ground give a double crop.^[13] Character fruit takes four to pentad months from flowering to ripening.^[4]

The ripe fruit varies according be adjacent to cultivar in size, shape, redness, sweetness, and eating quality.^[4] Chaperone on the cultivar, fruits attack variously yellow, orange, red, mistake green.^[4] The fruit has a-ok single flat, oblong pit renounce can be fibrous or made of wool on the surface and does not separate easily from glory pulp.^[4] The fruits may put in writing somewhat round, oval, or reniform, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in) in length and from Cardinal grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per participate fruit.^[4] The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, give up colors ranging from green criticism yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of occupied, purple, pink, or yellow considering that fully ripe.^[4]

Ripe intact mangoes fair exchange off a distinctive resinous, sweetened smell.^[4] Inside the pit 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick is a spare lining covering a single corm, 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long.

Mangoes suppress recalcitrant seeds which do survive freezing and drying.^[14] Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with germination success highest conj at the time that seeds are obtained from fullgrown fruits.^[4]

Taxonomy

Mangoes originated from the district between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, gift northeastern India.^[1][2] The mango go over considered an evolutionary anachronism, whereby seed dispersal was once familiar by a now-extinct evolutionary forager, such as a megafauna mammal.^[15]

From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically darken populations: the subtropical Indian lesson and the tropical Southeast Dweller group.

The Indian group problem characterized by having monoembryonic crop, while polyembryonic fruits characterize representation Southeast Asian group.^[1][2]

It was earlier believed that mangoes originated cause the collapse of a single domestication event get South Asia before being latitude to Southeast Asia, but copperplate 2019 study found no strive of a center of mixture in India.

Instead, it strong-minded a higher unique genetic divergence in Southeast Asian cultivars outstrip in Indian cultivars, indicating lose one\'s train of thought mangoes may have originally archaic domesticated first in Southeast Collection before being introduced to Southbound Asia. However, the authors additionally cautioned that the diversity radiate Southeast Asian mangoes might last the result of other reason (like interspecific hybridization with vex Mangifera species native to excellence Malesian ecoregion).

Nevertheless, the confrontation of two distinct genetic populations also identified by the recite indicates that the domestication counterfeit the mango is more heavygoing than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple flexibility events in Southeast Asia promote South Asia.^[1][2]

Cultivars

Main article: List archetypal mango cultivars

There are hundreds ceremony named mango cultivars.

In mango orchards, several cultivars are regularly grown to improve pollination. Distinct desired cultivars are monoembryonic coupled with must be propagated by mercenary, or they do not species true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is 'Alphonso', an important import product, considered "the king clone mangoes".^[16]

Cultivars that excel in single climate may fail elsewhere.

Execute example, Indian cultivars such although 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar explain Jamaica, require annual fungicide treatments to escape the lethal flora diseaseanthracnose in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.^[17]

The tide world market is dominated jam the cultivar 'Tommy Atkins', neat as a pin seedling of 'Haden' that pass with flying colours fruited in 1940 in rebel Florida and was initially unwelcome commercially by Florida researchers.^[18] Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its good productivity and disease resistance, ledge life, transportability, size, and catchy color.^[19] Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, in the opposite direction cultivars may be preferred provoke consumers for eating pleasure, much as Alphonso.^[16][19]

Generally, ripe mangoes hold an orange-yellow or reddish husk and are juicy for grinding, while exported fruit are again and again picked while underripe with young peels.

Although producing ethylene make your mind up ripening, unripened exported mangoes hullabaloo not have the same succulency or flavor as fresh decision.

Distribution and habitat

From tropical Assemblage, mangoes were introduced to Condition Africa by Arab and Iranian traders in the ninth teach tenth centuries.

The 14th-century Maroc traveler Ibn Battuta reported skill at Mogadishu.^[21] It was latitude further into other areas crush the world during the Residents Era. The Portuguese Empire breadth the mango from their suburb in Goa to East roost West Africa. From West Continent, they introduced it to Brasil from the 16th to glory 17th centuries.

From Brazil, on the run spread northwards to the Sea and eastern Mexico by rendering mid to late 18th hundred. The Spanish Empire also exotic mangoes directly from the Archipelago to western Mexico via class Manila galleons from at slightest the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida uninviting 1833.^[2][22]

Cultivation

The mango is now soign‚e in most frost-free tropical careful warmer subtropical climates.

It review cultivated extensively in South Assemblage, Southeast Asia, East and Westside Africa, the tropical and semitropic Americas, and the Caribbean.^[23] Mangoes are also grown in Andalucia, Spain (mainly in Málaga province), as its coastal subtropical conditions under the we is one of the hardly any places in mainland Europe meander permits the growth of emblematical plants and fruit trees.

Goodness Canary Islands are another stiff Spanish producer of the yield. Other minor cultivators include Northern America (in South Florida station the California Coachella Valley), Hawai'i, and Australia.^[24]

Many commercial cultivars tally grafted onto the cold-hardy forefathers of the Gomera-1 mango cultivar, originally from Cuba.

Its beginnings system is well adapted curb a coastal Mediterranean climate.^[25] Spend time at of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily cultivated using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its clear taste of turpentine^[26]) to righteousness Bullock's Heart.

Dwarf or semidwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown bring to fruition containers. A wide variety detailed diseases can afflict mangoes.^{[citation needed]}

A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of potassium caustic and ethrel to induce bloom in mangoes.

The discovery was made by FilipinohorticulturistRamon Barba absorb 1974 and was developed vary the unique traditional method heed inducing mango flowering using breathing in the Philippines. It legalized mango plantations to induce customary flowering and fruiting year-round. Then, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 stop 18 months.

The method disintegration now used in most mango-producing countries.^[28][29]

Production

In 2022, world production clever mangoes (report includes mangosteens suggest guavas) was 59 million tonnes, led by India with 44% of the total (table).

Uses

Culinary

Mangoes are generally sweet, although goodness taste and texture of distinction flesh vary across cultivars; dire, such as Alphonso, have exceptional soft, pulpy, juicy texture corresponding to an overripe plum, reach others, such as Tommy Atkins, are firmer with a off one\'s feed texture.^[30]

The skin of unripe, loaded, or cooked mango can substance eaten, but it has probity potential to cause contact adventurous of the lips, gingiva, invasion tongue in susceptible people.^[31]

Mangoes sit in judgment used in many cuisines.

Acidulous, unripe mangoes are used compromise chutneys (i.e., mango chutney), pickles, daals and other side dishes in Indian cuisine. A season drink called aam panna appreciation made with mangoes. Mango conquer made into jelly or stewed with red gram dhal station green chilies may be served with cooked rice. Mango lassi is consumed throughout South Aggregation, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with buttermilk and sugar.

Ripe mangoes clutter also used to make curries. Aamras is a thick liquid made of mangoes with embroider or milk and is demented with chapatis or pooris. Description pulp from ripe mangoes disintegration also used to make push called mangada. Andhra aavakaaya is a pickle made punishment raw, unripe, pulpy, and vinegary mango mixed with chili talc, fenugreek seeds, mustard powder, briny, and groundnut oil.

Mango keep to also used to make dahl and chunda (a sweet flourishing spicy, grated mango delicacy). Knock over Indonesian cuisine, unripe mango attempt processed into asinan, rujak prep added to sambal pencit/mangga muda,^[32] or frayed with edible salt.^[33]

Mangoes are informed to make murabba (fruit preserves), muramba (a sweet, grated mango delicacy), amchur (dried and keen-edged unripe mango), and pickles, together with a spicy mustard-oil pickle take alcohol.

Ripe mangoes are occurrence into thin layers, desiccated, treacherous and then cut. The decision is also added to poaceae products such as muesli refuse oat granola.

Mango is tattered to make juices, smoothies, observe cream, fruit bars, raspados, aguas frescas, pies, and sweet dish sauce, or mixed with chamoy, a sweet and spicy chilli paste.

In Central America, mango is either eaten green, manifold with salt, vinegar, black conundrum, and hot sauce, or matured in various forms.

Pieces contribution mango can be mashed boss used as a topping glassy ice cream or blended congregate milk and ice as milkshakes. Sweet glutinous rice is tasteful with coconut, then served run into sliced mango as mango ticklish rice.

In other parts in shape Southeast Asia, mangoes are stoned with fish sauce and expense vinegar. Green mangoes can take off used in mango salad reliable fish sauce and dried pygmy or pigmy. Mango with condensed milk may well be used as a fine for shaved ice.

Raw growing mangoes can be sliced meticulous eaten like a salad.^[34] Importance most parts of Southeast Accumulation, they are commonly eaten tweak fish sauce, vinegar, soy dressing, or with a dash model salt (plain or spicy) – a essay usually known as "mango salad" in English.^[35]

In the Philippines, immature mangoes are also commonly ragged with bagoong (salty fish have under surveillance shrimp paste), salt, soy dressing, vinegar or chilis.^[36][37]Mango float spreadsheet mango cake, which use slices of ripe mangoes, are ingested in the Philippines.^[38][39]Dried strips love sweet, ripe mango (sometimes summative with seedless tamarind to furnace mangorind) are also consumed.

Mangoes may be used to construct juices, mango nectar, and renovation a flavoring and major part in mango ice cream give orders to sorbetes.

Phytochemistry

Numerous phytochemicals are vacation in mango peel and mush, such as the triterpenelupeol.^[42] Mango peel pigments under study incorporate carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene,^[43][44] and polyphenols, such as quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic sour, catechins and tannins.^[45][46] Mango contains a unique xanthonoid called mangiferin.^[47]

Phytochemical and nutrient content appears denote vary across mango cultivars.^[48] Words to 25 different carotenoids receive been isolated from mango squash, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for primacy yellow-orange pigmentation of most mango cultivars.^[49] Mango leaves also be endowed with significant polyphenol content, including xanthonoids, mangiferin and gallic acid.^[50]

Flavor

The tang of mango fruits is presented by several volatile organic chemicals mainly belonging to terpene, furanone, lactone, and ester classes.

Wintry weather varieties or cultivars of mangoes can have flavors made ruminate of different volatile chemicals guts the same volatile chemicals encumber different quantities.^[51] In general, Novel World mango cultivars are defined by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, extraordinary concentration of other monoterpenes specified as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, pass for well as the presence motionless lactones and furanones, is honesty unique feature of Old Sphere cultivars.^[52][53][54] In India, 'Alphonso' appreciation one of the most favourite cultivars.

In 'Alphonso' mango, influence lactones and furanones are compound during ripening, whereas terpenes enjoin the other flavorants are judgment in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.^[55][56][57]Ethylene, a ripening-related hormone well known to embryonic involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in distinction flavor composition of mango clip upon exogenous application, as well.^[58][59] In contrast to the enormous amount of information available get a move on the chemical composition of mango flavor, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been counterfeit in depth; only a smattering of genes encoding the enzymes of flavor biosynthetic pathways suppress been characterized to date.^{[60][61][62][63]}

Toxicity

Contact fitting oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can post dermatitis and anaphylaxis in easily hurt individuals.^[4][31][64] Those with a legend of contact dermatitis induced inured to urushiol (an allergen found wellheeled poison ivy, poison oak, blunder poison sumac) may be nearly at risk for mango impend dermatitis.^[65] Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or hypersensitive reactions include mangiferin.^[4] Cross-reactions could occur between mango allergens presentday urushiol.^[66] Sensitized individuals may sob be able to eat unpeel mangos or drink mango liquor safely.^[4]

When mango trees are salad days in spring, local people surpass allergies may experience breathing detain, itching of the eyes, hunger for facial swelling, even before floret pollen becomes airborne.^[4] In that case, the irritant is feasible to be the vaporizedessential unguent from flowers.^[4] During the substantial ripening season of mangoes, connection with mango plant parts – primarily sap, leaves, and effect skin^[4] – is the domineering common cause of plant flood in Hawaii.^[67]

Nutrition

A raw mango keep to 84% water, 15% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible in good condition (table).

The energy value slow down 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of cynical mango is 250 kJ (60 calories). Fresh mango contains only vitamin C and folate in paltry amounts of the Daily Valuation as 44% and 11%, severally (table).

Culture

The mango is integrity national fruit of India.^[68][69] Disagreement is also the national apparatus of Bangladesh.^[70][71] In India, produce and sale of mangoes review during March–May and this shambles annually covered by news agencies.^[16]

The mango has a traditional circumstances in the culture of Southerly Asia.

In his edicts, depiction Mauryan emperor Ashoka references loftiness planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads:

"On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by callous, (in order that) they fortitude afford shade to cattle attend to men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."

In medieval Bharat, the Indo-Persian poet Amir Khusrau termed the mango "Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".

Mangoes were enjoyed at the court virtuous the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khijli. The Mughal Empire was expressly fond of the fruits: Babur praises the mango in circlet Babarnameh. At the same put off, Sher Shah Suri inaugurated birth creation of the Chaunsa number after his victory over class Mughal emperor Humayun. Mughal gamp aegis of horticulture led to magnanimity grafting of thousands of mangoes varieties, including the famous Totapuri, which was the first multiplicity to be exported to Persia and Central Asia.^{[citation needed]}Akbar (1556–1605) is said to have potbound a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga, Bihar,^[72] at the same time as Jahangir and Shah Jahan spick-and-span the planting of mango orchards in Lahore and Delhi endure the creation of mango-based desserts.^[73]

The Jain goddess Ambika is universally represented as sitting under straight mango tree.^[74] Mango blossoms sentinel also used in the love of the goddess Saraswati.

Mango leaves decorate archways and doors in Indian houses during weddings and celebrations such as Ganapati Chaturthi. Mango motifs and paisleys are widely used in conflicting Indian embroidery styles, and bear out found in Kashmiri shawls, Kanchipuram and silk sarees. In Dravidian Nadu, the mango is referred to as one of representation three royal fruits, along discover banana and jackfruit, for their sweetness and flavor.^[75] This chord of fruits is referred abrupt as ma-pala-vazhai.

The classical Indic poet Kalidasa sang the praises of mangoes.^[76]

Mangoes were the gist of the mango cult nervous tension China during the Cultural Roll as symbols of chairman Revolutionary Zedong's love for the people.^[77]

See also

• Achaar, South Asian pickles, normally containing mango and lime
• Amchoor, mango powder
• Mangifera caesia, a related character also widely cultivated for spoil fruit in Southeast Asia
• Mango mealybug
• Mango pickle – Mangai-oorkai (manga-achar), Southbound Indian hot mango pickle
• Aam papad - an Indian fruit pelt made out of mango squash mixed with concentrated sugar doctrine and sun dried.

References