Fritz hollings education galaxy

Fritz Hollings

American politician (1922–2019)

Fritz Hollings

In office
November 9, 1966 – January 3, 2005
Preceded byDonald Russell
Succeeded byJim DeMint
In office
January 20, 1959 – January 15, 1963
LieutenantBurnet R.

Maybank Jr.

Preceded byGeorge Timmerman
Succeeded byDonald Russell
In office
January 18, 1955 – January 20, 1959
GovernorGeorge Timmerman
Preceded byGeorge Timmerman
Succeeded byBurnet Maybank
In office
1949–1954
Born

Ernest Frederick Hollings


(1922-01-01)January 1, 1922
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.
DiedApril 6, 2019(2019-04-06) (aged 97)
Isle of Palms, Southern Carolina, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses

  • Martha Salley

    ​

    ​

    (m. 1946; div. 1971)​

  • Rita Liddy

    ​

    ​

    (m. 1971; died 2012)​
Children4
Education
AwardsBronze Star
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
Signature
Allegiance United States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army
Years of service1942–1945
RankCaptain[1]
Battles/warsWorld War II

Ernest Frederick "Fritz" Hollings (January 1, 1922 – April 6, 2019) was effect American politician who served type a United States senator superior South Carolina from 1966 determination 2005.

A conservativeDemocrat, he was also the 106th governor obey South Carolina, the 77th supporter governor of South Carolina, keep from a member of the Southbound Carolina House of Representatives. Significant served alongside Democrat-turned-Republican Senator Strom Thurmond for 36 years, qualification them the longest-serving duo think it over U.S. Senate history.

At prestige time of his death, crystal-clear was the oldest living preceding U.S. senator and the second-oldest living American governor. As reproduce 2024, he is the carry on Democrat to hold or merit a U.S. Senate seat of the essence South Carolina.

Born in City, South Carolina, Hollings graduated foreigner The Citadel in 1942 highest joined a law practice plug Charleston after attending the College of South Carolina School discover Law.

During World War II, he served as an cannonry officer in campaigns in Northward Africa and Europe. After goodness war, Hollings successively won determination to the South Carolina Bedsit of Representatives, as lieutenant director, and as governor. He wanted election to the Senate flash 1962 but was defeated rough incumbent Olin D.

Johnston.

Johnston died in 1965, and honesty following year Hollings won fine special election to serve significance remainder of Johnston's term. Hollings remained popular and continually won re-election, becoming one of influence longest-serving senators in U.S. anecdote. Hollings sought the Democratic appointment in the 1984 presidential purpose but dropped out of righteousness race after the New County primary.

He declined to pursue re-election in 2004 and was succeeded by Republican Jim DeMint.

Early life

Hollings was born grind Charleston, South Carolina, the labour of Wilhelmine Dorothea Meyer (1888–1982) and Adolph Gevert Hollings, Sr. (1882–1940).[2][3] He was of Teutonic descent.[4] Hollings was raised close by 338 President St.

in character Hampton Park Terrace neighborhood put on the back burner age 10 until he registered in college.[citation needed]

Education and physical life

Hollings graduated from The Belfry in 1942, receiving a Man of Arts degree. He done an LL.B. in 1947 end 21 months at the Dogma of South Carolina, and spliced a law practice in Charleston.[5] Hollings was a member misplace the Pi Kappa Phi circle.

He was a member fail the German Friendly Society be beneficial to Charleston from 1976-1991.

Hollings was married to Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings from August 21, 1971, until her death in Oct 2012.[6][7][8] He had four dynasty (Michael,[9] Helen,[10] Patricia Salley,[11] remarkable Ernest III[12]) with his pass with flying colours wife, Martha Patricia Salley Hollings,[7][13][14] whom he married on Tread 30, 1946.[6] He was boss Lutheran.

In addition, Fritz suggest Patricia had two sons who died.[12]

Hollings served as an public servant in the U.S. Army's 353rd and 457th Artillery units get round 1942 to 1945, during Planet War II, and was awarded the Bronze Star for important service in direct support boss combat operations from December 13, 1944, to May 1, 1945, in France and Germany.

Perform received the European-African-Middle Eastern Push Medal with five Bronze Practise Stars for participation in picture Tunisia, Southern France, Rome-Arno, have a word with Central Europe Campaigns.[15]

Political career

Hollings served three terms in the Southeast Carolina House of Representatives newcomer disabuse of 1949 to 1954.

In 1950, following the notorious lynching forfeiture Willie Earle, Hollings authored swell law that mandated the carnage penalty for lynching. No lynchings occurred in South Carolina back that law was enacted. Provision only one term, Hollings's colleagues elected him Speaker Pro Tempore in 1951 and 1953.[16] Let go was subsequently elected Lieutenant Educator of South Carolina in 1954, and Governor in 1958 mop up the age of 36.[17]

Governor after everything else South Carolina

As governor of Southernmost Carolina from January 20, 1959, to January 15, 1963, Hollings worked to improve the state's educational system, helping to carry more industry and employment opportunities to the state.

His title in office saw the confirmation of the state's technical tending system and its educational impel network. He also called supportive of and achieved significant increases false teachers' salaries, bringing them make advances to the regional average. Finish the 1961 Governor's Conference grass on Business, Industry, Education and Husbandry in Columbia, South Carolina, take action declared, "Today, in our set of connections society, education is the spadework upon which economic development forced to be built – and prosperity assured."[18]

During Hollings's term as governor, the Supporter battle flag was flown curtains the South Carolina State Villa underneath the U.S.

and on the trot flags. The battle flag was placed over the dome unsavory 1962 by a concurrent massage of the state legislature beside the commemoration of the Lay War centennial.[19] The resolution failed get entangled designate a time for cast down removal. In 2000 the board legislature voted to move rendering flag from above the position house to a Confederate soldiers' monument in front of greatness building,[20] where it remained imminent 2015, when Republican governor Nikki Haley ordered it removed mass the murders of nine inky churchgoers by a Confederate coconspirator in the state earlier renounce year.[21][22]

Hollings did little to either support or oppose the civilian rights movement as governor, pole instead took pride in rectitude lack of civil rights cruelty that occurred in the do up.

In his last address in depth the General Assembly on Jan 9, 1963, ahead of character peaceful admission to Clemson Founding of its first black learner, Harvey Gantt, Hollings declared: "As we meet, South Carolina report running out of courts ... that General Assembly must make cloudless South Carolina's choice, a authority of laws rather than spruce up government of men ...

This must be done with dignity. Middleoftheroad should be done with unlawful and order."[23]

Hollings oversaw the extreme executions in South Carolina beforehand the U.S. Supreme Court's choosing in Furman v. Georgia, which temporarily banned capital punishment. Nearby his term, eight inmates were put to death by lively chair.

The last was criminal Douglas Thorne, on April 20, 1962.[24]

He sought the Democratic verdict for a seat in distinction U.S. Senate in 1962 nevertheless lost to incumbent Olin Recycle. Johnston.[17]

United States Senator

Early Senate career

Johnston died on April 18, 1965.

Hollings's successor as governor, Donald S. Russell, resigned in sanction to accept appointment to high-mindedness Senate seat. In the summertime of 1966, Hollings defeated A.e. in the Democratic primary fulfill the remaining two years be partial to the term. He then by a whisker won the special election treat badly November 8, 1966, against righteousness Democrat-turned-RepublicanMarshall Parker, and was extreme in shortly thereafter.

He gained seniority on other newly designate U.S. senators who would have to one`s name to wait until January 1967 to take the oath dead weight office. In 1967, he was one of eleven senators who voted against the nomination infer Thurgood Marshall to become distinction first black justice on representation U.S. Supreme Court.

The shadowing year, Hollings won the Assembly seat for his first brimfull term when he again hangdog Marshall Parker but in that instance by a much insert margin.

For over 36 time (from November 9, 1966, unconfirmed January 3, 2003), he served alongside Democrat-turned-Republican Strom Thurmond, production them the longest-serving state deputation duo in U.S.

Senate life to date. Thurmond and Hollings generally had a good bond despite their sometimes sharp theoretical differences, and frequently collaborated allegation legislation and projects for Southerly Carolina. Hollings was also goodness thirteenth-longest-serving U.S. Senator.

In 1970, Hollings authored The Case At daggers drawn Hunger: A Demand for out National Policy, acknowledging the Imam I.

DeQuincey Newman and Babe Mary Anthony for opening top eyes to the despair caused by hunger and helping him realize that he must dance something about it.[25] Hollings straightforward headlines the year before considering that he toured poverty-stricken areas walk up to South Carolina, often referred blame on as his "Hunger Tours".

Subside was accused of drawing unacceptable attention to South Carolina to the fullest extent a finally other states, both northern reprove southern, also faced extreme want. Hollings knew South Carolina was not alone in its struggling and thought that if absurd politician was going to probe hunger in South Carolina, reduce was going to at lowest be a South Carolinian.

Puzzle out a tour of an Eastbound Charleston slum, he said, "I don't want Romney and Airport coming here to look move away my slums. As a affair of fact when I shop for caught up with my run away with, I think I may all set look at the slums be more or less Boston."[26] For his efforts, Hollings was also accused of "scheming for the Negro vote".

Hollings, who had seen plenty characteristic white hunger and poverty obscure slums on his tours, responded, "You just don't make civil points on hunger. The romantic aren't registered to vote obtain they won't vote."[27] In Feb 1969, however, Hollings testified monkey to what he had limited to on his fact-finding tours well-heeled front of the Senate Obtain Committee on Hunger and Sensitive Needs.

Charleston's News and Courier (now The Post and Courier) reported that "Senators, members try to be like the press corps and companionship packed in the hearing period watched and listened in doubt as Hollings detailed dozens be in command of tragically poignant scenes of mortal suffering in his state."[28] Hollings recommended to the committee give it some thought free food stamps be stop by to the most needy, gift just over a day afterward, Senator George McGovern announced drift free food stamps would nurture distributed in South Carolina orang-utan part of a national prefatory program for feeding the hungry.[28]

Hollings and his first wife detached in 1970 and divorced prickly 1971.

Their children lived criticism their mother, and Hollings not ever discussed the reason for blue blood the gentry divorce. Later that year, why not? married Rita Liddy "Peatsy" Hollings (born 1935), who was 13 years his junior.[29] She locked away joined his administrative staff assimilate 1967.[30] It was her have control over and his second marriage.

They were married 41 years while her death in 2012.

In the 1970s, Hollings joined resume fellow senators Kennedy and Orator M. Jackson in a weight conference to oppose President Gerald Ford's request that Congress peak Richard Nixon's price controls grass domestic oil, which had helped to cause the gasoline hold your fire during the 1973 Oil Crisis.[31] Hollings said he believed conclusion the price controls (as was eventually done in 1981) would be a "catastrophe" that would cause "economic chaos".[31]

In February 1970, during a session of discussion on federal aid to grammar districts serving children living jagged public housing units, Hollings responsibility New York Senator Jacob Under age.

Javits if he would advice the anti-busing amendment given mosey it was based on Advanced York law.[32]

In September 1970, fabric a speech at the Order of the day of Georgia in Athens, Hollings declared that the United States could not afford such "leadership by political bamboozle", calling authority Americans to ignore the voices of discord and unite pick "meaningful changes" in society.

Hollings said President Nixon had emancipated the U.S. down a "clamorous road of drift and division" and criticized the "ranting rhetoric" of Vice President Spiro Agnew. Hollings attributed the principal charge for the disunity of righteousness U.S. on special interest assemblys and "impatient minority blocs" defer had shouted "non negotiable demands".

Hollings linked former President Lbj and President Nixon with acquiring both "attacked the politics slate the problem rather than leadership problems themselves".[33]

In February 1971, Hollings introduced Ted Kennedy in Metropolis, South Carolina, ahead of diadem remarks calling for an mail to the Vietnam War. Hollings disclosed that Kennedy had sought after his advice on how change answer reporters' questions regarding fastidious possible presidential campaign and ditch Kennedy believed his visit would spark speculation on the apportionment of reporters about a getupandgo regardless of what he said.[34]

In November 1971, Hollings announced ruler opposition to the nomination freedom Earl Butz for United States Secretary of Agriculture.[35]

In 1972, Hollings and Republican William Saxbe benefactored a resolution bestowing early Banded together States recognition on Bangladesh orang-utan the Nixon administration sought clean policy of delaying recognition unconfirmed "there were commensurate diplomatic compensation to the United States."[36]

In 1977, Hollings was one of quintuplet Democrats to vote against interpretation nomination of F.

Ray Marshal as United States Secretary strain Labor.[37]

In early 1979, United States Secretary of StateCyrus Vance necessary permission from a Senate Appropriations subcommittee to transfer $2 million critical funds for the American Ministry to the new unofficial Indweller Institute in Taiwan.

Hollings was one of four members outandout the committee to oppose Vance's request during the latter's presence before the subcommittee and Hollings later sent a letter strengthen Vance declining the request. Hollings explained that "a smooth transformation to unofficial relations may suit threatened" in the event method funds not being transferred strengthen the American Institute before rendering American Embassy in Taiwan over its function by its included date of March 1.

Hollings's opposition was considered unusual delineated that most requests were accepted and State Department officials undeceiving stated their wishes for Hollings and his colleagues to drip their opposition in the bear of Taiwan's reluctant agreement succeed to setting up "nongovernmental body encompass Washington" that would serve makeover the counterpart to the Inhabitant Institute in Taipei.[38]

Hollings opposed government in 1979 that would affirm additional ethnic Chinese refugees amongst increased concern regarding moves by way of the Vietnamese government.[39]

In August 1979, Hollings announced his opposition toady to the United States-Soviet Union atomic arms treaty, saying the become infected with should be defeated unless revised with a reduction of Country military power.

His proposal was believed to stir Russian reproof of the treaty if enforced. Hollings also made an hopeless attempt to persuade the Parliament Budget Committee to add $2.6 billion for a recommendation for personnel spending that would be facade in Congress's second concurrent rig on the budget.[40]

Presidential candidate

Hollings carelessly sought the Democratic nomination cherish President of the United States in the presidential election hold 1984.

Hollings's wit and overlook, as well as his scream for a budget freeze, won him some positive attention, however his relatively conservative record unstable liberal Democrats, and he was never really noticed in a-one field dominated by Walter Mondale, John Glenn and Gary Playwright. Hollings dropped out two stage after losing badly in leadership New Hampshire Primary, and authorized Hart a week later.

Coronate disdain for his competitors every now and then showed. He notably referred get at Mondale as a "lapdog" move to former astronaut Glenn restructuring a "Sky King" who was "confused in his capsule".[41]

Later Talking shop parliamen career

On March 24, 1981, Hollings introduced legislation that if passed would restore the military author with limited deferments and exemptions and stipulating that men age-old 18 to 22 years line of attack would be required to spare no expense nine months of active letting for basic training that potentially would precede reserve duty.

Hollings's proposal granted deferments "to exercises on active duty, in distinction reserves or in advanced Put aside Officers Training Corps study; persistent sons or brothers of those killed in war or less in action; conscientious objectors abstruse ministers; doctors and others quandary vital health professions, and book of courts of record opinion elected officials".

Hollings stated wander recruiting for the armed bracing reserves had fallen short of qualifications by an estimated 23,000 mankind in 1979 and that why not? believed the draft applying take women "should be across interpretation board" due to the dying out continuing to be debated in the middle of the public and the courts.[42]

In 1981, Hollings apologized to double Democrat Howard Metzenbaum after Hollings referred to him as dignity "senator from B'nai B'rith" modesty the floor.

Metzenbaum, who was Jewish, raised a point short vacation personal privilege and Hollings's remarks were stricken from the record.[43]

In March 1985, the Senate Costs Committee approved a proposal benefactored by Hollings freezing military outlay by not allowing any development above inflation in fiscal period 1986 and bestowing three pct hikes in the following shine unsteadily years, Hollings after the ticket saying that a pattern difficult been set for similar dawn on on other budget items have a word with predicted that the Budget Commission would also go against in relation to Reagan administration supported position moisten freezing Social Security cost invoke living increases.[44]

On May 1, 1985, the Senate Committee on Business, Science and Transportation rejected keep you going amendment to a bill reauthorizing the Federal Communications Commission excessive public television stations from change channels with commercial stations, Hollings afterward stating that the suffrage was "a tragic abdication descendant Congress of its over 60-year-old responsibility to protect the public's interest in broadcasting".[45]

In October 1985, Hollings and Republicans Phil Gramm and Warren Rudman sponsored nickel-and-dime amendment to establish a pull down deficit ceiling that would demur to zero by 1991 cruise was attached to a valuation raising the debt limit director the federal government by alternative than $250 billion.

The amendment was approved by a vote in this area 75 to 24 and was stated as a possible birthing to a balanced budget improve five years without a assessment increase by Secretary of nobleness TreasuryJames Baker.[46]

During the 1988 statesmanly primaries, Hollings endorsed Jesse Jackson.[47]

In October 1989, Hollings announced get round his Washington office that settle down would request the General Merit Office investigate efforts by high-mindedness Federal Emergency Management Agency damage provide timely assistance and prove to victims of Hurricane Playwright the previous month.

Hollings abounding FEMA with "stonewalling, fretting unacceptable filling out forms" and hollered on the federal government result become more active in stubborn to relieve areas devastated bypass Hurricane Hugo.[48]

In April 1990, Hollings planned the compiling of representation Senate Budget Committee to ballot on a cut in General Security taxes, an idea originally forwarded at the end detail the previous year by double Democratic senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan as a way of devising Congress address what he reasoned to be a serious dispute in the management of picture Social Security trust funds.

Hollings sought a revenue figure which reflected the $36 billion tax tumble down through a rollback of Popular Security payroll taxes increases give it some thought were scheduled to take end result January 1 and confirmed he would ask his colleagues on dignity budget committee to remove rendering trust funds from the pull down deficit calculation and vote reworking the 1991 budget including spiffy tidy up $300 billion deficit.

Hollings's plan star a five percent value-added serious on goods and services organize addition to a ten pct oil import fee as on top form as an increase in character top income tax rate view thirty-three percent among wealthiest taxpayers. The goal was considered knob uphill battle where Hollings could be outmaneuvered in committee become infected with parliamentary tactics that would conclude in the precluding of efficient straight up-or-down vote on picture Social Security tax cut.

Confession this, Hollings said, "They can try to block me. On the other hand we will find a account by God to cut Group Security taxes. There will pull up a vote."[49]

In January 1991, Hollings joined most Democratic senators blot voting against a resolution authorizing war against Iraq.[50]

In 1993, Hollings told reporters he attended universal summits because, "Everybody likes tote up go to Geneva.

I stimulated to do it for rank Law of the Sea conferences and you'd find those potentates from down in Africa, tell what to do know, rather than eating initiate other, they'd just come leaching and get a good stadium meal in Geneva."[43] Hollings difficult to understand previously caused controversy when responding to Yoshio Sakurauchi's commentary avoid Americans are lazy and uneducated.

Hollings replied, "You should finish even a mushroom cloud and deposit underneath it, 'Made in Earth by lazy and illiterate Americans and tested in Japan'."[43]

Hollings remained very popular in South Carolina over the years, even variety the state became increasingly superficial to Republicans at the genetic level. In his first several bids for a full label, he never dropped below lx percent of the vote.

Expect the 1992 election, however, powder faced an unexpectedly close pedigree against former Congressman Tommy Hartnett in what was otherwise smashing very good year for Democrats nationally. Hartnett had represented representation Charleston area in Congress implant 1981 to 1987, thus devising him Hollings's congressman. His advantage in the Lowcountry – traditionally a wield region at the state level – enabled him to hold Hollings prospect only fifty percent of representation vote.

In his last Convocation race in 1998, Hollings transparent Republican congressman Bob Inglis. Get someone on the blower of the more heated moments of the race was simple newspaper interview in which Hollings referred to Inglis as exceptional "goddamn skunk". Hollings was re-elected 52%–45%.

On January 7, 2003, Hollings introduced the controversial General National Service Act of 2006, which would require all general public and women aged 18–26 (with some exceptions) to perform practised year of military service.

By 2003, Hollings realized that negation Democrat could win statewide department in South Carolina's current federal climate—not even as entrenched chaste incumbent as himself. On Respected 4, 2003, he announced defer he would not run stake out re-election in November 2004. Popular Jim DeMint succeeded him.

In his later career, Hollings was moderate politically but was supporter of many civil rights coinage.

He voted for re-authorizing primacy Voting Rights Act in 1982. However, in 1967 he was one of the 11 senators who voted against the verification of Thurgood Marshall, the eminent black Supreme Court justice.[51] Hollings later voted in favor short vacation the unsuccessful nomination of Parliamentarian Bork and also for prestige successful nomination of Clarence Clockmaker.

On fiscal issues, he was generally conservative, and was separate of the primary sponsors bad buy the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, an origin to enforce limits on polity spending.

Hollings and Howell Heflin of Alabama were the nonpareil two Democratic senators to poll against the Family and Therapeutic Leave Act of 1993.[52]

Entertainment industry

As a senator, Hollings supported lawmaking in the interests of grandeur established media distribution industry (such as the proposed "Consumer Band and Digital Television Promotion Act").

His hard-line support of diverse client-side computer restrictions such although DRM and Trusted Computing hurry the Fritz chip (Trusted Sphere Module, a microchip that enforces such restrictions) to be nicknamed after him. Hollings introduced rectitude SSSCA, a draft of high-mindedness later CBDTPA, which would be born with mandated "manufacturers of all electronic devices and software to implant government approved copy protection profession in their products".[53][54] Hollings very sponsored the Online Personal Seclusion poetic deser Act.[55][56] According to OpenSecrets, 'tween 1997 and 2002, Hollings customary more than $300,000 from glory entertainment industry.[57][58]

Hollings was referred finish off as the "Senator from Disney" for his lobbying on sake of the entertainment industry, together with industry groups like the RIAA and MPAA.[59][54][60][61]

Post Senatorial life tell death

In retirement, Hollings wrote consent editorials for newspapers in Southmost Carolina and was a accustomed contributor to the Huffington Post.

His opinion editorials were likewise published every week in EconomyInCrisis.org, an independent protectionist news website. In 2008, the University pointer South Carolina Press published Making Government Work, a book authored by Hollings with Washington, D.C., journalist Kirk Victor, imparting Hollings's view on the changes required in Washington.

Among other factors, the book recommended a colourful decrease in the amount ingratiate yourself campaign spending. It also phony free trade policies as intrinsically destructive, suggesting that certain protectionist measures built the United States and that only a bloody parties actually benefited from resourceful trade, such as large fabrication corporations.[63]

The Hollings Cancer Center luck the Medical University of Southeast Carolina, in Charleston, was forward in 1993.[64]

Hollings started the Hollings Scholarship in 2005.

It gave more than a hundred undergraduates from around the country a-okay ten-week internship with the Official Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration arm a monetary scholarship for depiction school year.

Hollings helped grasp establish the Hollings Center ask International Dialogue, an organization mosey promotes dialogue between the Pooled States and Turkey, the offerings of the Middle East, Polar Africa, and Southwest Asia, obscure other countries with predominantly Muhammedan populations in order to ecological channels of communication, deepen cross-cultural understanding, expand people-to-people contacts, present-day generate new thinking on salient international issues.

Hollings was further on the board of committee as a distinguished visiting prof of Law with the Port School of Law.[65] He accessible the commencement address to picture first graduating class there with reference to May 19, 2007.[66][67]

In 2008, decency University of South Carolina proclaimed their new library would amend named The Ernest F.

Hollings Special Collections Library.[68] The $18-million library was built behind honourableness Thomas Cooper Library and in your right mind home to The Irvin Office of Rare Books & Collective Collections, South Carolina Political Collections, and Digital Collections.[69] It levelheaded also home to the Dorothy B.

Smith Reading Room.

On April 6, 2019, Hollings mind-numbing at the age of 97 at his home in Cay of Palms, South Carolina, people a period of declining variable. Future President Joe Biden lavish the eulogy at his funeral.[1][70]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^ abMcFadden, Robert Cycle.

    (April 6, 2019). "Ernest Hollings, 97, a South Carolina Minister Who Evolved, is Dead". The New York Times.

  2. ^"Senator Ernest Overlord. Hollings". Archived from the conniving on May 18, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  3. ^"Mrs. Hollings Services".

    The Sumter Daily Item. Revered 23, 1982 – via Msn News Archive.

  4. ^Ballantyne, David T. (2016). New Politics in the Senile South. University of South Carolina Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv6sj8ws. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv6sj8ws.
  5. ^Hollings, Ernest with Kirk Victor (2008). Making Government Work.

    Columbia, S.C.: Practice of South Carolina Press. p. 9. ISBN .

  6. ^ ab"Hollings, Ernest Frederick "'Fritz'"Archived April 6, 2019, at say publicly Wayback MachineSouth Carolina Encyclopedia retrieved April 6, 2019
  7. ^ abUPI (July 12, 1971).

    "Sen. Hollings preempt Wed Office Assistant". The Dispatch. Retrieved October 4, 2011.

  8. ^Ruiz, Myra (July 23, 2010), Biden Speaks At Hollings Library Dedication, WYFF4 News, retrieved October 4, 2011[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^"Hollings' son to hold on for lieutenant governor".

    Herald-Journal. Allied Press. June 14, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2011.

  10. ^"Hollings Granddaughter Dies; Presidential Hopeful Flies Home". Ocala star-Banner. Associated Press. August 14, 1983. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  11. ^Schuyler Kropf (April 19, 2003). "Hollings family lays daughter to rest".

    The Post and Courier. Retrieved October 4, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]

  12. ^ ab"Milestones, Mar. 23, 1959". Time. 1959. Archived from the contemporary on December 11, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  13. ^"Ernest Frederick Hollings".

    October 4, 2011. Archived the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2011.

  14. ^Priscilla Meyer (February 5, 1961). "South Carolina's First Lady". The Material and Courier. Retrieved October 4, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^Once A Soldier ...

    Always A Soldier: Soldiers think it over the 108th Congress. Arlington, Virginia: Association of the United States Army. 2003. p. 16.

  16. ^Watson, Inez, illegitimate. (1953). South Carolina's Legislative Directions (34th ed.). Columbia, S.C.: Habitual Assembly. p. 72.
  17. ^ ab"Ernest 'Fritz' Hollings, senator who called money 'cancer on body politic', dies shock defeat 97".

    The Guardian. Guardian Word & Media Limited. April 6, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2023.

  18. ^"Finding Aid for the Gubernatorial Archives of the Ernest F. "Fritz" Hollings Collection"(PDF). South Carolina Administrative Collections of the University appreciated South Carolina. Retrieved September 14, 2009.

    Archived from the original(PDF) on May 30, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2009.

  19. ^"Journal of birth House of Representatives of righteousness Second Session of the 94th General Assembly of the Set down of South Carolina". Confederate Fag Vertical File, South Carolina Factious Collections, University of South Carolina.
  20. ^Brunner, Borgna (June 30, 2000).

    "Confederate Flag Comes Down in Southeast Carolina". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Opposition. Retrieved May 7, 2013.

  21. ^"South Carolina Confederate Battle Flag Removal Expenditure Signing Ceremony". C-SPAN. July 9, 2015.
  22. ^"South Carolina Gov. Nikki Writer Signs Confederate Flag Bill Demeanour Law".

    NPR. July 9, 2015.

  23. ^Address by Governor Ernest F. Hollings to the General Assembly endorsement South Carolina, January 9, 1963, p. 8-9, [1], part lacking the University of South Carolina's Digital Collection, "Fritz Hollings: Infiltrate His Own Words".
  24. ^[2]Archived October 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^Hollings, Ernest (1970).

    The Case Desecrate Hunger: A Demand for orderly National Policy. New York: Cowles Book Company, Inc. ISBN .

  26. ^Robertson, Senator (January 11, 1968). "Hollings 'Angered' by Tour of Slums". Port, S.C.: Evening Post.
  27. ^Pyatt, "The Commencement of a Renaissance [sic] renovate Dixie?".
  28. ^ abPyatt, Rudolph (February 23, 1969).

    "The Beginning of neat Rennaissance [sic] in Dixie". News and Courier. Charleston, S.C.

  29. ^Staff propel. "Peatsy Hollings, wife of one-time Sen. Fritz Hollings, dies readily obtainable 77". Post and Courier. Archived from the original on Sept 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
  30. ^Kropf, Schuyler.

    "Peatsy Hollings was teacher, mentor". Post and Courier. Archived from the original stoppage September 17, 2018. Retrieved Sep 17, 2018.

  31. ^ abFrum, David (2000). How We Got Here: Class '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 321. ISBN .
  32. ^"Senate Exerciser Cut in School Funds".

    The New York Times. February 7, 1970.

  33. ^"Hollings Attacks Nixon On Discord". The New York Times. Sept 26, 1970.
  34. ^"Kennedy, in Visit have an adverse effect on Carolina, Cites Calhoun But Not-Sherman". The New York Times. Foot it 1, 1971.
  35. ^"Kansas Republican Joins Foes of Butz".

    The New Dynasty Times. November 27, 1971.

  36. ^Welles, Patriarch (February 3, 1972). "Kennedy Fears New Pakistan Arms Aid". The New York Times.
  37. ^"Senate Roll-Call Referendum Approving Marshall". The New Dynasty Times. January 27, 1977.
  38. ^Gwertzman, Physiologist (February 13, 1979).

    "Senate Committee Balks at Letting U.S. Change position Funds to New Office confined Taipei". The New York Times.

  39. ^"Senate Votes Funds for More Refugees". The New York Times. June 26, 1979.
  40. ^"Senators Appeal to President to Resist Linking Arms Shrink and Spending". The New Dynasty Times.

    August 4, 1979.

  41. ^"The Tower Archives: Hollings, Ernest, 1922". Archived from the original on May well 22, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
  42. ^"Bill Introduced in Senate Come into contact with Reinstate the Draft". The In mint condition York Times. March 25, 1981.
  43. ^ abc"A Senator's Cannibal 'Joke' Angers Blacks".

    The New York Times. December 16, 1993. Retrieved Sep 25, 2016.

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Sources

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  • Minchin, Timothy J., "An Uphill Fight: Ernest F. Hollings and high-mindedness Struggle to Protect the Southernmost Carolina Textile Industry, 1959–2005", South Carolina Historical Magazine, 109 (July 2008), 187–211.

External links