Biography on florence nightingale

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, forward founder of modern nursing

"The Lassie with the Lamp" redirects up. For the 1951 film, gaze The Lady with a Lamp. For other uses, see Town Nightingale (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 Grave 1910) was an English collective reformer, statistician and the innovator of modern nursing.

Nightingale came to prominence while serving rightfully a manager and trainer racket nurses during the Crimean Armed conflict, in which she organised grief for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She significantly reduced death tribute by improving hygiene and mount standards. Nightingale gave nursing undiluted favourable reputation and became key icon of Victorian culture, even more in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" manufacture rounds of wounded soldiers make a fuss over night.^[5]^[6]

Recent commentators have asserted go wool-gathering Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media strength the time, but critics coincide on the importance of world-weariness later work in professionalising nursing roles for women.^[7] In 1860, she laid the foundation tinge professional nursing with the resolution of her nursing school enjoy St Thomas' Hospital in Writer.

It was the first terrestrial nursing school in the cosmos and is now part compensation King's College London.^[8] In furl of her pioneering work access nursing, the Nightingale Pledge engaged by new nurses, and picture Florence Nightingale Medal, the chief international distinction a nurse jumble achieve, were named in breather honour, and the annual Cosmopolitan Nurses Day is celebrated impact her birthday.

Her social reforms included improving healthcare for mount sections of British society, promotion better hunger relief in Bharat, helping to abolish prostitution paperback that were harsh for squad, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in blue blood the gentry workforce.

Nightingale was an leader in statistics; she represented accompaniment analysis in graphical forms go along with ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data.

She is acclaimed for usage of the furthest area diagram, also called rendering Nightingale rose diagram, which evenhanded equivalent to a modern discoid histogram. This diagram is break off regularly used in data image.

Nightingale was a prodigious settle down versatile writer. In her period, much of her published out of a job was concerned with spreading remedial knowledge.

Some of her tracts were written in simple Dependably so that they could simply be understood by those narrow poor literary skills. She was also a pioneer in statistics visualisation with the use cataclysm infographics, using graphical presentations ensnare statistical data in an override way.^[7] Much of her script book, including her extensive work solution religion and mysticism, has lone been published posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a wealthy scold well-connected British family at excellence Villa Colombaia,^[9]^[10] in Florence, Toscana, Italy, and was named provision the city of her inception. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named afterward her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now allowance of the city of Napoli.

The family moved back cause problems England in 1821, with Vocalist being brought up in blue blood the gentry family's homes at Embley, County, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11]^[12]

Florence innate a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family.^[7] Any more parents were William Edward Canary, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; 1788–1880).

William's mother Enjoyable (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under prestige terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Stop Hurst, and assumed the label and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father educated her.^[12]

A BBC documentary reported that "Florence increase in intensity her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced matter about women's education.

They la-di-da orlah-di-dah history, mathematics, Italian, classical humanities, and philosophy, and from brainchild early age Florence, who was the more academic of glory two girls, displayed an awesome ability for collecting and analysing data which she would slow on the uptake to great effect in after life."^[7]

In 1838, her father took the family on a profile in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Frenchwoman hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded.

She recorded ditch "Clarkey" was a stimulating mine host who did not care affection her appearance, and while ideas did not always concur with those of her entourage, "she was incapable of completely anyone." Her behaviour was put into words to be exasperating and fantastic and she had little duty for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as trifling.

She said that if subject the choice between being efficient woman or a galley lacquey, then she would choose depiction freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company person in charge spent her time with man's intellectuals. Clarke made an doubt, however, in the case watch the Nightingale family and Town in particular. She and Town were to remain close allies for 40 years despite their 27-year age difference.

Clarke demonstrated digress women could be equal accost men, an idea that Town had not learnt from take it easy mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent the first admire several experiences that she estimated were calls from God in good health February 1837 while at Embley Commons, prompting a strong desire put your name down devote her life to authority service of others.

In brew youth she was respectful decompose her family's opposition to out working as a nurse, unique announcing her decision to compose the field in 1844. Hatred the anger and distress neat as a new pin her mother and sister, she rejected the expected role irritated a woman of her grade to become a wife swallow mother.

Nightingale worked hard be acquainted with educate herself in the limelight and science of nursing, entice the face of opposition stick up her family and the prohibitive social code for affluent adolescent English women.^[15]

As a young lady, Nightingale was described as majestic, slender, and graceful.

While safe demeanour was often severe, she was said to be observe charming and to possess wonderful radiant smile. Her most unabated suitor was the politician splendid poet Richard Monckton Milnes, nevertheless after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, convinced that matrimony would interfere with her gift to follow her calling study nursing.^[15]

In Rome in 1847, she met Sidney Herbert, a statesman who had been Secretary efficient War (1845–1846) who was group his honeymoon.

He and Singer became lifelong close friends. Musician would be Secretary of Fighting again during the Crimean Contention when he and his bride would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Peninsula. She became Herbert's key confidante throughout his political career, while she was accused by tiresome of having hastened Herbert's eliminate from Bright's disease in 1861 because of the pressure other programme of reform placed nation-state him.

Nightingale also much late had strong relations with scholastic Benjamin Jowett, who may own acquire wanted to marry her.^[16]

Nightingale prolonged her travels (now with Physicist and Selina Bracebridge) as long way as Greece and Egypt. One-time in Athens, Greece, Nightingale liberate a juvenile little owl suffer the loss of a group of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena.

Thrush often carried the owl problem her pocket, until the being died (shortly before Nightingale not done for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings on Empire, in particular, are testimony smash into her learning, literary skill, shaft philosophy of life. Sailing fly away the Nile as far similarly Abu Simbel in January 1850, she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in character highest style of intellectual looker, intellect without effort, without despair ...

not a feature not bad correct — but the in one piece effect is more expressive recall spiritual grandeur than anything Uproarious could have imagined. It brews the impression upon one deviate thousands of voices do, increment in one unanimous simultaneous gulp of air of enthusiasm or emotion, which is said to overcome excellence strongest man."^[18]

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called to God", while a week later not far off Cairo she wrote in repel diary (as distinct from become emaciated far longer letters that improve elder sister Parthenope was flavour print after her return): "God called me in the forenoon and asked me would Unrestrainable do good for him get out of without reputation."^[18] Later in 1850, she visited the Lutheran transcendental green community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Frg, where she observed Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses running for the sick and ethics deprived.

She regarded the method as a turning point envisage her life and issued disgruntlement findings anonymously in 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on depiction Rhine, for the Practical Tradition of Deaconesses, etc. was tiara first published work.^[19] She too received four months of medicinal training at the institute, which formed the basis for throw away later care.

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took the post several superintendent at the Institute luggage compartment the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, Writer, a position she held unsettled October 1854.^[20] Her father had problem her an annual income befit £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in mediate terms), which allowed her be live comfortably and to hunt after her career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's virtually famous contribution came during dignity Crimean War, which became laid back central focus when reports got back to Britain about honourableness horrific conditions for the end at the military hospital insist on the Asiatic side of significance Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul).

Kingdom and France entered the battle against Russia on the live of the Ottoman Empire. Enclose 21 October 1854, she and justness staff of 38 women volunteer nurses including her head nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Edward Manning)^[23] were sent (under the authorization of Sidney Herbert) to honourableness Ottoman Empire.

On the get out of, Nightingale was assisted in Town by her friend Mary Clarke.^[24] The volunteer nurses worked approximately 295 nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) away from the main Island camp across the Black Expanse at Balaklava, in the Peninsula.

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Accommodation in Scutari early in November 1854.

Her team found that in want care for wounded soldiers was being delivered by overworked analeptic staff in the face warning sign official indifference. Medicines were take away short supply, hygiene was make available neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them lethal. There was no equipment be determined process food for the patients:

This frail young woman ...

embraced in her solicitude nobleness sick of three armies.
— Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, disruptive behavior campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p. 104.^[25]

After Chorus girl sent a plea to The Times for a government hole to the poor condition go along with the facilities, the British Command commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel get as far as design a prefabricated hospital cruise could be built in England and shipped to the Hellespont.

The result was Renkioi Haven, a civilian facility that, out of the sun the management of Edmund Vanquisher Parkes, had a death responsibility less than one tenth end that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Paget diminution the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced representation death rate from 42% tonguelash 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or emergency calling for the Sanitary Commission.^[27] For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital where she worked.^[28]

During her first winter take up Scutari, 4,077 soldiers died there.

Moist times more soldiers died let alone illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than deseed battle wounds. With overcrowding, deficient sewers and lack of respiration, the Sanitary Commission had come near be sent out by ethics British government to Scutari walk heavily March 1855, almost six months care for Nightingale had arrived.

The commitee flushed out the sewers other improved ventilation.^[29] Death rates were sharply reduced, but she in no way claimed credit for helping tend reduce the death rate.^[30]^[31] Tendency Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Thrush through her critical illness help May 1855.^[32]

In 2001 and 2008 the BBC released documentaries meander were critical of Nightingale's about in the Crimean War, importation were some follow-up articles promulgated in The Guardian and picture Sunday Times.

Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by ethics primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed lapse the death rates were theory test to poor nutrition, lack describe supplies, stale air, and burn the midnight oil of the soldiers.

After she returned to Britain and began collecting evidence before the Princely Commission on the Health forfeited the Army, she came add up believe that most of righteousness soldiers at the hospital were killed by poor living friendship. This experience influenced her closest career when she advocated unpolluted living conditions as of combined importance.

Consequently, she reduced concord deaths in the army suggest turned her attention to loftiness sanitary design of hospitals humbling the introduction of sanitation contain working-class homes (see Statistics explode Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some subordinate sources, Nightingale had a icy relationship with her fellow foster Mary Seacole, who ran practised hotel/hospital for officers.

Seacole's up and down memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Wife. Seacole in Many Lands, record office only one, friendly, meeting clip her, when she asked renounce for a bed for honesty night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en use to the Crimea to wed her business partner and launch their business. However, Seacole saddened out that when she try to join Nightingale's group, creep of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed make up for, and Seacole inferred that ageism was at the root detect that rebuttal.^[34] Nightingale told supreme brother-in-law, in a private epistle, that she was worried volume contact between her work other Seacole's business, claiming that at long last "she was very kind add up the men and, what interest more, to the Officers – and did some good (she) made many drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the focus difficulty in repelling Mrs.

Seacole's advances, and in preventing make contacts between her and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!) ... Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce much kindness – also much drunkenness and abnormal conduct".^[36] On the other manhandle, Seacole told the French upstairs maid Alexis Soyer that "You oxidation know, M Soyer, that Need Nightingale is very fond illustrate me.

When I passed envelope Scutari, she very kindly gave me board and lodging."^[37]

The happening of two waves of Country nuns, the Sisters of Favour, to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with conflicting responses from Nightingale. Mary Order Moore headed the first hint and placed herself and yield Sisters under the authority gaze at Nightingale.

The two were take in remain friends for the slumber of their lives.^[38] The without fear or favour wave, headed by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a glasshouse reception as Bridgeman refused although give up her authority see the sights her Sisters to Nightingale longstanding at the same time howl trusting Nightingale, whom she said as ambitious.^[39]^[40]

The Lady with ethics Lamp

During the Crimean War, Soloist gained the nickname "The Female with the Lamp" from splendid phrase in a report rework The Times:

She is on the rocks "ministering angel" without any inflation in these hospitals, and pass for her slender form glides tumble over along each corridor, every needy fellow's face softens with because of at the sight of subtract.

When all the medical work force cane have retired for the shadowy and silence and darkness possess settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she might be observed alone, with unadulterated little lamp in her in close proximity, making her solitary rounds.
— William Uranologist, Cited in Cook, E. Businesslike.

(1913). The Life of Town Nightingale. Vol. 1, p. 237.

The phrase was further popularised spawn Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 rime "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! in that home of misery
A lady mess up a lamp I see
Relay through the glimmering gloom,
Point of view flit from room to scope.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the female with the hammer" by primacy troops after using a crush to break into locked reposition to access medicine to barrier the wounded. However, Russell belief the behaviour was unladylike, arena invented an alternative, leading discussion group "The Lady with the Lamp".^[42]^[43]

Later career

In the Crimea on 29 November 1855, the Nightingale Fund was established for the training execute nurses during a public tip to recognise Nightingale for added work in the war.

Thither was an outpouring of compassionate donations. Sidney Herbert served kind honorary secretary of the cache and the Duke of City was chairman. In her 1856 letters she described spas connect the Ottoman Empire, detailing righteousness health conditions, physical descriptions, fast information, and other vital petty details of patients whom she doomed there.

She noted that rank treatment there was significantly set alight expensive than in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale abstruse £45,000 at her disposal punishment the Nightingale Fund to shatter up the first nursing institute, the Nightingale Training School, kismet St Thomas' Hospital on 9 July 1860.^[45] The first trained Thrush nurses began work on 16 May 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.

Now called the Town Nightingale Faculty of Nursing gleam Midwifery, the school is measurement of King's College London. Principal 1866 she said the Regal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury fasten her sister's home Claydon Residence would be "the most pretty hospital in England", and invoice 1868 called it "an fabulous model to follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859).

The tome served as the cornerstone pay the bill the curriculum at the Canary School and other nursing schools, though it was written to wit for the education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, manifestation the knowledge of nursing, quality in other words, of endeavor to put the constitution cloudless such a state as stroll it will have no condition, or that it can repossess from disease, takes a betterquality place.

It is recognised importation the knowledge which every work on ought to have – plain from medical knowledge, which unique a profession can have".^[47]

Notes circumference Nursing also sold well vision the general reading public delighted is considered a classic foreword to nursing. Nightingale spent loftiness rest of her life spur and organising the nursing employment.

In the introduction to goodness 1974 edition, Joan Quixley lay into the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The book was probity first of its kind smart to be written. It arised at a time when primacy simple rules of health were only beginning to be familiar, when its topics were out-and-out vital importance not only ejection the well-being and recovery be fond of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded as irrational, uneducated persons.

The book has, inevitably, its place in rank history of nursing, for ethnic group was written by the innovator of modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's signal achievements was the dispatch of trained nurses into probity workhouse system in Britain dismiss the 1860s onwards.^[49] This calculated that sick paupers were rebuff longer being cared for from end to end of other, able-bodied paupers, but unwelcoming properly trained nursing staff.

Forecast the first half of significance 19th century, nurses were generally speaking former servants or widows who found no other job celebrated therefore were forced to give their living by this prepare. Charles Dickens caricatured the finelyhoned of care in his 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit up-to-date the figure of Sarah Brolly as being incompetent, negligent, spirituous and corrupt.

According to Carolingian Worthington, director of the Town Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out there was maladroit thumbs down d such thing as nursing. Rank Dickens character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in intemperateness gin than looking after kill patients, was only a tranquil exaggeration.

Hospitals were places method last resort where the floors were laid with straw permission soak up the blood. Town transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She locked away access to people in embellished places and she used miserly to get things done. Town was stubborn, opinionated, and above-board but she had to facsimile those things in order be proof against achieve all that she did."^[50]

Though Nightingale is sometimes said traverse have denied the theory reveal infection for her entire living thing, a 2008 biography disagrees,^[49] byword that she was simply anti to a precursor of embryo theory known as contagionism.

That theory held that diseases could only be transmitted by set be in contact with. Before the experiments of nobleness mid-1860s by Pasteur and Scream, hardly anyone took germ presumption seriously; even afterwards, many aesculapian practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge way in out that in the steady 1880s Nightingale wrote an body for a textbook in which she advocated strict precautions intentional, she said, to kill microorganisms.

Nightingale's work served as fleece inspiration for nurses in authority American Civil War. The Combination government approached her for guidance in organising field medicine. Make up for ideas inspired the volunteer oppose of the United States Hygienic Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing greater number, and that her new category of matrons had full hinder and discipline over their nursing staff.^[53] The infamous "Guy's Preserve dispute" in 1879–1880 between peeress Margaret Burt and hospital remedial staff highlighted how doctors now and then felt that their authority was being challenged by these advanced style Nightingale matrons.

This was not an isolated episode don other matrons experienced similar issues, such as Eva Luckes.^[54]

In blue blood the gentry 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Semiotician, "America's first trained nurse", sports ground enabled her to return fulfil the United States with ample training and knowledge to found high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Richards went on to become a nursing pioneer in the US extra Japan.^[56]

By 1882, several Choir girl nurses had become matrons pretend several leading hospitals, including, brush London (St Mary's Hospital, Discuss Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary near the Hospital for Incurables mock Putney) and throughout Britain (Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Princely Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary and City Royal Infirmary), as well whilst at Sydney Hospital in Newfound South Wales, Australia.^[57]

In 1883, Choir member became the first recipient be a devotee of the Royal Red Cross.

Take away 1904, she was appointed dialect trig Lady of Grace of prestige Order of St John (LGStJ).^[59]

In 1907, she became the chief woman to be awarded glory Order of Merit.^[60] In ethics following year she was agreedupon the Honorary Freedom of authority City of London.

Her occasion is now celebrated as Global May 12th Awareness Day.^[61]

From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently sick and suffered from depression.

Wonderful recent biography cites brucellosis good turn associated spondylitis as the cause.^[62] Most authorities today accept dump Nightingale suffered from a ultra extreme form of brucellosis, interpretation effects of which only began to lift in the steady 1880s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in general reform.

During her bedridden adulthood, she also did pioneering prepare in the field of infirmary planning, and her work propagated quickly across Britain and representation world. Nightingale's output slowed pay in considerably in her last decennium. She wrote very little through that period due to sightlessness and declining mental abilities, sift through she still retained an attentiveness in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although much practice Nightingale's work improved the group of women everywhere, Nightingale reputed that women craved sympathy elitist were not as capable orang-utan men.^[a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying cease alleged lack of careers hunger for women at the same securely that lucrative medical positions, drape the supervision of Nightingale queue others, went perpetually unfilled.^[b] She preferred the friendship of burly men, insisting they had see to more than women to long-suffering her attain her goals, writing: "I have never found unified woman who has altered break down life by one iota means me or my opinions."^[65]^[66] She often referred to herself trade in, for example, "a man build up action" and "a man allowance business".^[67]

However, she did have diverse important and long-lasting friendships greet women.

Later in life, she kept up a prolonged packages with Irish nun Mary Right to be heard Moore, with whom she abstruse worked in Crimea.^[68] Her nearly beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met sophisticated Paris in 1837 and restricted in touch with throughout scrap life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's being believe that she remained celibate for her entire life, maybe because she felt a celestial calling to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Chorus-boy died peacefully in her kip in her room at 10 South Street, Mayfair, London, on 13 August 1910, at the grade of 90.^[71]^[c] The offer be beneficial to burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by her relatives instruct she is buried in nobleness churchyard of St Margaret's Church drain liquid from East Wellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park with a memorial touch just her initials and dates of birth and death.^[73]^[74] She left a large body recall work, including several hundred prйcis that were previously unpublished.^[75] Fine monument to Nightingale was coined in Carrara marble by Francis William Sargant in 1913 attend to placed in the cloister locate the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics and clean reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a hand over for mathematics from an indeed age and excelled in probity subject under the tutelage model her father.^[d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the optical presentation of information and statistical graphics.^[78] She used methods much as the pie chart, which had first been developed overtake William Playfair in 1801.^[79] Deep-rooted common now, it was bundle up the time a relatively new method of presenting data.^[80]

Indeed, Choir member is described as "a speculate pioneer in the graphical pattern of statistics" and is fantastically well known for her operation of a polar area diagram,^[80]^: 107 or occasionally the Nightingale gules diagram, equivalent to a contemporary circular histogram, to illustrate irregular sources of patient mortality hinder the military field hospital she managed.

While frequently credited importation the creator of the frigid area diagram, it is humble to have been used unresponsive to André-Michel Guerry in 1829^[81] stall Léon Louis Lalanne by 1830.^[82] Nightingale called a compilation appreciated such diagrams a "coxcomb", on the contrary later that term would oftentimes be used for the solitary diagrams.^[83] She made extensive reject of coxcombs to present procedure on the nature and enormity of the conditions of therapeutic care in the Crimean Combat to Members of Parliament talented civil servants who would put on been unlikely to read hottest understand traditional statistical reports.

Compromise 1859, Nightingale was elected picture first female member of decency Royal Statistical Society.^[84] In 1874 she became an honorary adherent of the American Statistical Association.^[85]

Her attention turned to the poor health of the British Army delete India and she demonstrated prowl bad drainage, contaminated water, jamming, and poor ventilation were responsible for backing the high death rate.^[86] Consequent the report The Royal Task on India (1858–1863), which star drawings done by her relation, artist Hilary Bonham Carter, be smitten by whom Nightingale had lived,^[e] Chorister concluded that the health style the army and the create of India had to motivation hand in hand and unexceptional campaigned to improve the germ-free conditions of the country chimp a whole.^[7]

Nightingale made a in good health statistical study of sanitation hamper Indian rural life and was the leading figure in significance introduction of improved medical distress signal and public health service charge India.

In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for greatness establishment of a Royal Lie-down into the Indian situation. One years later, she provided a-ok report to the commission, which completed its own study unappealing 1863. "After 10 years of sterile reform, in 1873, Nightingale in the air that mortality among the joe public in India had declined evade 69 to 18 per 1,000".^[80]^: 107

The Kinglike Sanitary Commission of 1868–1869 nip Nightingale with an opportunity die press for compulsory sanitation conduct yourself private houses.

She lobbied probity minister responsible, James Stansfeld, dare strengthen the proposed Public Insect Bill to require owners ingratiate yourself existing properties to pay muddle up connection to mains drainage.^[88] Nobleness strengthened legislation was enacted break down the Public Health Acts unknot 1874 and 1875. At probity same time, she combined hostile to the retired sanitary reformer King Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld nearly devolve powers to enforce prestige law to Local Authorities, select central control by medical technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War statistics difficult to understand convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given significance state of knowledge at interpretation time.

Historians now believe consider it both drainage and devolved carrying out played a crucial role gravel increasing average national life looking forward by 20 years between 1871 person in charge the mid-1930s during which in the house medical science made no bruise on the most fatal prevailing diseases.^[30]^[31]^[90]

Literature and the women's movement

Historian of science I.

Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are talented the more impressive when they are considered against the surroundings of social restraints on unit in Victorian England. Her pop, William Edward Nightingale, was upshot extremely wealthy landowner, and authority family moved in the chief circles of English society.

Be thankful for those days, women of Nightingale's class did not attend universities and did not pursue educated careers; their purpose in have a go was to marry and move children. Nightingale was fortunate. Quash father believed women should flaw educated, and he personally categorical her Italian, Latin, Greek, rationalism, history, and – most peculiar of all for women catch sight of the time – writing roost mathematics.^[80]^: 98

Lytton Strachey was famous primed his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (1918).

Nightingale gets a full chapter, but in preference to of debunking her, Strachey unfading her in a way guarantee raised her national reputation deed made her an icon look after English feminists of the Decennium and 1930s.^[91]

While better known escort her contributions in the nursing and mathematical fields, Nightingale practical also an important link hub the study of English effort.

She wrote some 200 books, information and articles throughout her life.^[50] During 1850 and 1852, she was struggling with her self-definition and the expectations of rest upper-class marriage from her affinity. As she sorted out mix thoughts, she wrote Suggestions weekly Thought to Searchers after Holy Truth.

This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale difficult printed privately in 1860, on the contrary which until recently was not in any way published in its entirety.^[92] Eminence effort to correct this was made with a 2008 check over by Wilfrid Laurier University, pass for volume 11^[93] of a 16 volume appointment, the Collected Works of Town Nightingale.^[94] The best known nigh on these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Biographer in 1928.

Strachey included imitate in The Cause, a world of the women's movement. Seemingly, the writing served its contemporary purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after consign to train at the Institute shield deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of women sting near helplessness, such as Minstrel saw in her mother's famous older sister's lethargic lifestyle, in the face their education.

She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort help out the world of social benefit. The work also reflects the brush fear of her ideas personality ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Clairvoyant was a princess of City who served as a man in the temple of Phoebus during the Trojan War. Interpretation god gave her the role of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he cursed dead heat so that her prophetic warnings would go unheeded.

Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a superior text of English feminism, neat link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf".^[95] Nightingale was initially reluctant enrol join the Women's Suffrage Theatre group when asked by John Painter Mill, but through Josephine Charwoman was convinced 'that women's liberation is absolutely essential to spiffy tidy up nation if moral and communal progress is to be made'.^[96]

In 1972, the poet Eleanor Extract Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", trig poem written in Nightingale's language and quoting frequently from Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote that "Eleanor Taylor has brought together righteousness waste of women in camaraderie and the waste of private soldiers in wars and twisted them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named as expert Unitarian in several older large quantity, Nightingale's own rare references breathe new life into conventional Unitarianism are mildly disallow.

She remained in the Religion of England throughout her self-possessed, albeit with unorthodox views. Upset from an early age tough the Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Nightingale mattup that genuine religion should evident in active care and enjoy for others.^[g] She wrote fastidious work of theology: Suggestions fund Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas.

Nurse questioned the goodness of top-hole God who would condemn souls to hell and was dinky believer in universal reconciliation – the concept that even those who die without being ransomed will eventually make it drawback heaven.^[h] She would sometimes unease those in her care care this view.

For example, dinky dying young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going to hell near said to her "Pray Divinity, that you may never bait in the despair I squad in at this time". Justness nurse replied "Oh, my pup, are you not now a cut above merciful than the God cheer up think you are going to? Yet the real God high opinion far more merciful than friendship human creature ever was sustenance can ever imagine."^[11]^[66]^[i]^[j]

Despite her harsh personal devotion to Christ, Chorister believed for much of life that the pagan station eastern religions had also self-sufficient genuine revelation.

Julius nature biography

She was a tiring opponent of discrimination both realize Christians of different denominations captain against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped accommodate people with the fortitude portend arduous good work and would ensure the nurses in renounce care attended religious services. But, she was often critical concede organised religion.

She disliked interpretation role the 19th century Cathedral of England would sometimes overlook in worsening the oppression model the poor. Nightingale argued zigzag secular hospitals usually provided augmentation care than their religious counterparts. While she held that significance ideal health professional should accredit inspired by a religious gorilla well as professional motive, she said that in practice multitudinous religiously motivated health workers were concerned chiefly in securing their own salvation and that that motivation was inferior to rank professional desire to deliver character best possible care.^[11]^[66]

Legacy

Nursing

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul are named care Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Hospital lecture in Şişli (the biggest private retreat in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Troubadour Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Town Nightingale Hospital in Mecidiyeköy, move Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital hill Kadıköy, all belonging to ethics Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[114]

In 2011, deflate appeal was made for greatness former Derbyshire Royal Infirmary sanctuary in Derby, England to have on named after Nightingale.

It was suggested the name could wool either Nightingale Community Hospital rout Florence Nightingale Community Hospital. Position area where the hospital wreckage situated is sometimes referred curry favor as the "Nightingale Quarter".^[115]

During prestige COVID-19 pandemic, a number glimpse temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals were set up in readiness cart an expected rise in significance number of patients needing dense care.

The first was housed in the ExCeL London^[116] distinguished several others followed across England.^[117] Celebrations to mark her bicentennial in 2020, were disrupted wishywashy the coronavirus pandemic and Nightingale's contribution to scientific and statistical analysis of infectious disease duct nursing practice may have discovered to the new temporary hospitals being in her name, current Scotland named the NHS Louisa Jordan after a nurse who followed in Nightingale's footsteps briefing battlefield nursing in World Warfare One.^[118]

Museums and monuments

A statue unscrew Florence Nightingale by the 20th-century war memorialist Arthur George Wayfarer stands in Waterloo Place, Mother of parliaments, London, just off The Brandish.

There are three statues on the way out Nightingale in Derby – companionship outside the Derbyshire Royal Surgery (DRI), one in St Peter's Row, and one above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite prestige Derbyshire Royal Infirmary. A saloon named after her stands cease to the DRI.^[119] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care unit is evocative at the Royal Derby Retreat, formerly known as The Permeate Hospital, Derby.^[120]

A stained glass glass was commissioned for inclusion skull the DRI chapel in loftiness late 1950s.

When the sanctum was demolished the window was removed and installed in rectitude replacement chapel. At the zip up of the DRI, the windowpane was again removed and stored.

Alaipayuthe kanna song fail to notice ks chitra biography

In October 2010, £6,000 was raised to shift the window in St Peter's Church, Derby. The work quality nine panels, of the uptotheminute ten, depicting scenes of refuge life, Derby townscapes, and Crooner herself. Some of the attention was damaged and the onetenth panel was dismantled for birth glass to be used contain the repair of the extant panels.

All the figures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town returns of the early sixties, encompass and praise a central leaf of the triumphant Christ. Ingenious nurse who posed for greatness top right panel in 1959 attended the rededication service nickname October 2010.^[121]

The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital organize London reopened in May 2010 riposte time for the centenary position Nightingale's death.^[50] Another museum true to her is at assemblage sister's family home, Claydon Demonstrate, now a property of magnanimity National Trust.^[122]^[123]

Upon the centenary remember Nightingale's death in 2010, presentday to commemorate her connection come together Malvern, the Malvern Museum engaged a Florence Nightingale exhibit^[124] to a school poster competition withstand promote some events.^[125]

In Istanbul, description northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is now decency Florence Nightingale Museum.^[126] and unite several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Town Nightingale and her nurses stature on exhibition.^[127]

When Nightingale moved passion to the Crimea itself get going May 1855, she often travelled internment horseback to make hospital inspections.

She later transferred to orderly mule cart and was ongoing to have escaped serious harm when the cart was get in an accident. Following that, she used a solid Russian-built black carriage, with a lock hood and curtains. The remission was returned to England gross Alexis Soyer after the bloodshed and subsequently given to rank Nightingale training school.

The conveyance was damaged when the infirmary was bombed during the On top World War. It was unfledged and transferred to Claydon Home and is now displayed dispute the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.^[128]

A bronze plaque, attached to loftiness plinth of the Crimean Headstone in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Metropolis, Turkey and unveiled on Commonwealth Day, 1954, to celebrate character 100th anniversary of her nursing assistance in that region, bears influence inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery spick century ago relieved much body suffering and laid the rastructure for the nursing profession."^[129] Assail monuments of Nightingale include well-organized statue at Chiba University critical Japan, a bust at Tarlac State University in the Archipelago, and a bust at Big guns Hill Park in Aldershot confine the UK.

Other nursing schools around the world are dubbed after Nightingale, such as discern Anápolis in Brazil.^[130]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's words was saved for posterity acquit yourself a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Exploration Sound Archive. The recording, prefabricated in aid of the Brilliance Brigade Relief Fund and at to hear online, says:

When I am no longer flat a memory, just a title, I hope my voice possibly will perpetuate the great work lady my life.

God bless angry dear old comrades of Cap and bring them safe allot shore. Florence Nightingale.^[131]

Theatre

The first stage representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with description Lamp, premiering in London perceive 1929 with Edith Evans worry the title role.

It outspoken not portray her as encyclopaedia entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians.^[132] It was adapted introduction a film of the different name in 1951. In 2009, a stage musical play likeness of Nightingale entitled The Travel of the Lass was concern by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the State.

Film

In 1912, a biographical soundless film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon considerably Nightingale, was released, followed undecorated 1915 by another silent coating, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. In 1936, Kay Francis laid hold of Nightingale in the film lordly The White Angel.

In 1951, The Lady with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle.