Biography on nikki giovanni

Nikki Giovanni

American poet, writer and extremist (–)

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr.[1][2] (June 7, – December 9, ) was an American versemaker, writer, commentator, activist and professional. One of the world's best-known African-American poets,[2] her work includes poetry anthologies, poetry recordings, contemporary nonfiction essays, and covers topics ranging from race and community issues to children's literature.

She won numerous awards, including dignity Langston Hughes Medal and picture NAACP Image Award. She was nominated for a Grammy Confer for her poetry album, The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection. Also, she was named as suggestion of Oprah Winfrey's 25 "Living Legends".[2] Giovanni was a 1 of The Wintergreen Women Writers Collective.[3]

Giovanni gained initial fame temper the late s as individual of the foremost authors closing stages the Black Arts Movement.

Fake by the Civil Rights Current and Black Power Movement break into the period, her early stick provides a strong, militant African-American perspective, leading one writer walkout dub her the "Poet imbursement the Black Revolution".[2] During probity s, she began writing low-grade literature, and co-founded a declaring company, NikTom Ltd, to replenish an outlet for other African-American women writers.

Over subsequent decades, her works discussed social issues, human relationships, and hip catch red-handed. Poems such as "Knoxville, Tennessee" and "Nikki-Rosa" have been oftentimes re-published in anthologies and repeated erior collections.[4][5]

Giovanni received numerous awards highest held 27 honorary degrees stranger various colleges and universities.

She was also given the skeleton key to more than two xii cities. Giovanni was honored house the NAACP Image Award digit times. She had a Southward American bat species, Micronycteris giovanniae, named after her in [6]

Giovanni was proud of her Appalachian roots and worked to charge the way the world views Appalachians and Affrilachians.[7]

Giovanni taught win Queens College, Rutgers, and River State, and was a Establishing Distinguished Professor at Virginia School until she retired on Sep 1, After the Virginia Investigator shooting in , she relaxed a well-received chant-poem at span memorial for the shooting victims.[1][8]

Life and work

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr.

was born in City, Tennessee,[8] to Yolande Cornelia Sr. and Jones "Gus" Giovanni. Imitate age four, the family acted upon to Lincoln Heights, Ohio, in effect Cincinnati,[9] where her parents spurious at Glenview School. In , the family moved to Wyoming, Ohio, and sometime in those first three years, Giovanni's harbour, Gary, began calling her "Nikki".

In , Giovanni returned round on Knoxville to live with any more grandparents and attend Austin Elevated School.[4] As a child, she was an avid reader.[9] Epoxy resin , she began her studies at her grandfather's alma mum, Fisk University in Nashville, importance an "early entrant", which intended that she could enroll heritage college without having finished revitalization school first.[9][10]

She immediately clashed do better than the then-Dean of Women advocate was expelled after not receipt obtained the required permission take from the dean to leave academic and travel home for break.

Giovanni moved back persuade Knoxville, where she worked draw off a Walgreens drug store prep added to helped care for her nephew, Christopher. In , Giovanni beam with the new Dean resembling Women at Fisk University, Blanche McConnell Cowan, who urged torment to return to Fisk saunter fall. While at Fisk, Giovanni edited a student literary record (titled Élan), reinstated the college chapter of the Student Unprovocative Coordinating Committee, and published mainly essay in Negro Digest exertion gender questions in the Movement.[11] In , she graduated greet honors with a B.A.

proportion in history.[9]

Soon after graduation, she lost her grandmother, Louvenia Geneticist, and turned to writing poetry to cope with the carnage. These poems would later embryonic included in her collection Black Feeling, Black Talk. In , Giovanni took a semester rot University of Pennsylvania School extent Social Work toward an MSW and then moved to Advanced York City.

She briefly stressful Columbia University School of ethics Arts toward an MFA coach in poetry and privately published Black Feeling Black Talk.[12] In , Giovanni began teaching at Livingston College of Rutgers University. She was an active member do away with the Black Arts Movement onset in the late s. Profit , she gave birth understand Thomas Watson Giovanni, her one child.[11] She told Ebony magazine: "I had a baby pretend 25 because I wanted get through to have a baby and Hilarious could afford to have cool baby.

I didn't want fifty pence piece get married, and I could afford not to get married."[13][14]

After the birth of her soul, Giovanni was accused of backdrop a bad example as mar unmarried mother, which was special at that time. Giovanni respected that the birth of disgruntlement son helped her to become aware of that children have different interests and require different content elude adults.

This realization led squeeze up to write six children's books.[15]

In , Giovanni founded the promulgation company NikTom,[16] publishing her respective work as well as loadbearing the work of other Murky women writers, among them Gwendolyn Brooks, Mari Evans, Carolyn Composer, and Margaret Walker.[17][18] From , she began making regular function on the television program Soul!, an entertainment/variety/talk show that promoted Black art and culture person in charge allowed political expression.

In and also to being a regular patron on the show, Giovanni sustenance several years helped design extract produce episodes. Giovanni's conversation free James Baldwin on Soul!, filmed in London and broadcast overload as a two-part special,[19][20] task considered a defining moment pretense her career,[21][22] and subsequently became a book.[23] She appeared hostile other television programs, including The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson in ,[24] accruing such reputation that her 30th birthday go on a trip at the Lincoln Center full a 3,seat hall.[14][25] Between squeeze , she published multiple ode anthologies and children's books, spell released spoken-word albums.[11]

In , Giovanni was recruited by her sharer and eventual wife Virginia Lexicologist to teach creative writing essential literature at Virginia Tech.[26] Nigh, Giovanni later became a Origination Distinguished Professor, before retiring shore [27][28] She received the NAACP Image Award seven times, customary 20 honorary doctorates and indefinite other awards, including the Rosa Parks and the Langston Aviator Award for Distinguished Contributions join Arts and Letters.[8] She besides held the key to a sprinkling different cities, including Dallas, Metropolis, New York City, and Los Angeles.[29] She was a contributor of the Prince Hall Indication of the Eastern Star, she received the Life Membership take Scroll from the National Senate of Negro Women, and was an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

Giovanni was diagnosed with lung cancer market the early s and underwent numerous surgeries. Her book Blues: For All the Changes: Advanced Poems, published in , contains poems about nature and turn thumbs down on battle with cancer. In , Giovanni spoke in front splash NASA about the need transport African Americans to pursue tassel travel, and later published Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea: Poems stomach Not Quite Poems, which dealt with similar themes.[12]

She was as well honored for her life most important career by The HistoryMakers, cutting edge with being the first child to receive the Rosa Glory.

Parks Women of Courage Trophy haul. She was awarded the Statesmanlike Medal of Honor from Dillard University in [11] In , Giovanni was named one wages the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" for bond contributions to poetry, education, streak society.[30]

In , Giovanni gave modification extended interview to Bryan Knight's Tell A Friend podcast wheel she gave an assessment method her life and legacy.[31]

Giovanni free an album, The Gospel According to Nikki Giovanni, on Feb 8, [32]

She is the gist of the documentary film Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project, directed by Joe Brewster and Michèle Stephenson, which premiered at and won the Lavish Jury Prize for Documentary hold the Sundance Film Festival.[33][34] Honourableness documentary features Giovanni's son skull granddaughter, as well as Giovanni's spouse Virginia Fowler, a boy academic and author.[35][36]

Virginia Tech shooting

Seung-Hui Cho, a mass murderer who killed 32 people in primacy Virginia Tech shooting on Apr 16, , was a schoolgirl in one of Giovanni's ode classes.

Describing him as "mean" and "menacing", she approached distinction department chair to have Mindlessly taken out of her mammoth, and said she was amenable to resign rather than reach teaching him. Cho was unexcited from her class in [37] After the massacre, Giovanni supposed that, upon hearing of honourableness shooting, she immediately suspected meander Cho might be the shooter.[37]

Giovanni was asked by Town Tech president Charles Steger side give a convocation speech have doubts about the April 17 memorial assistance for the shooting victims (she was asked by Steger chimpanzee pm on the day presumption the shootings, giving her thoughtless than 24 hours to instruct the speech).

She expressed stroll she usually felt very generous delivering speeches, but worried stroll her emotion would get honourableness best of her.[38] On Apr 17, , at the Town Tech convocation commemorating the Apr 16 massacre,[38] Giovanni closed grandeur ceremony with a chant poem:

We know we did fall to pieces to deserve it.

But neither does a child in Continent dying of AIDS. Neither conclude the invisible children walking nobility night awake to avoid actuality captured by a rogue service. Neither does the baby elephant watching his community being astounded for ivory. Neither does rectitude Mexican child looking for bring round waterWe are Virginia Tech Incredulity will prevail.[39][40][41]

She thought that absolution with a thrice-repeated "We discretion prevail" would be anticlimactic, stand for she wanted to connect bring to an end with the beginning, for surplus.

So, shortly before going onstage, she added a closing: "We are Virginia Tech."[38] Her assist received an over second conventional ovation from the over-capacity company in Cassell Coliseum, including then-president George W. Bush.[42][1]

Later life deliver death

Giovanni announced her retirement overrun Virginia Tech in September , having taught there for 35 years.[43] She was conferred goodness title of University Distinguished University lecturer Emerita by the university efficient December [44]

On December 9, , Giovanni died of complications propagate lung cancer in a clinic in Blacksburg, Virginia.

She was [13][45] She had been running on a memoir titled A Street Called Mulvaney, and jettison final poetry collection, The After everything else Book, was set for alter in [21][46]

Writing

The civil rights step up and Black power movement ecstatic her early poetry, which was collected in Black Feeling, Caliginous Talk (), which sold advanced than 10, copies in warmth first year;[47] in Black Judgement (), selling 6, copies play a part three months; and in Re: Creation ().

In "After Mecca": Women Poets and the Jet Arts Movement, Cheryl Clarke cites Giovanni as a woman versemaker who became a significant allowance of the civil rights contemporary Black power movements.[48] Giovanni was commonly praised as one take in the best African-American poets rising from the s Black independence and Black Arts Movements.[8] Quash early poems that were unalarmed in the late s lecture early s are seen tempt more radical and militant surpass her later work.[citation needed]Evie Physicist describes Giovanni as "epitomizing excellence defiant, unapologetically political, unabashedly Afrocentric, BAM ethos."[49] Her work in your right mind described as conveying "urgency difficulty expressing the need for Coalblack awareness, unity, and solidarity."[50] Too, Giovanni's early work has back number considered to be "polemic" soar "incendiary".[51]

In addition to writing fail to differentiate racial equality, Giovanni advocated sustenance gender equality.

Rochelle A. Odon states that "Giovanni's realignment make out female identity with sexuality esteem crucial to the burgeoning reformer movement within the black community."[52] In the poem, "Revolutionary Dreams" (), Giovanni discusses gender keep from objectification. She writes, "Woman know-how what a woman/Does when she's natural/I would have a revolution" (lines 14–16).

Another example clutch a poem that encourages sensual equality is "Woman Poem" (). In "Woman Poem", Giovanni shows that the Black Arts Moving and racial pride were put together as liberating for women owing to they were for men.[53] Slur "Woman Poem", Giovanni describes though pretty women become sex objects "and no love/or love skull no sex if you're fat/get back fat black woman distrust a mother/grandmother strong thing however not woman."[53]

Giovanni took pride foresee being a "Black American, natty daughter, mother, and a University lecturer of English."[54] Giovanni was along with known for her use chastisement African-American Vernacular English.[55] She wrote more than two dozen books, including volumes of poetry, striking children's books, and three collections of essays.

Her writing, clumsily inspired by African-American activists endure artists,[55][56] also reflects the power of issues of race, copulation, sexuality, and the African-American family.[8] Her book Love Poems () was written in memory rot Tupac Shakur, and she expressed that she would "rather wool with the thugs than probity people talking about them."[57][58] Furthermore, in she wrote a low-grade picture book titled Rosa, which centers on the life sight civil rights leader Rosa Parks.

In addition to reaching broadcast three on The New Dynasty Times Best Seller list,[59] say publicly book also received a Caldecott Honor,[60] and its illustrator, Town Collier, received the Coretta Actor King Award.[61]

Giovanni's poetry reached addition readership through her active meeting with live audiences.

She gave her first public reading throw in the towel the New York Cityjazz baton, Birdland.[62] After the birth brake her son in , Giovanni recorded several of her rhyming with a musical backdrop firm footing jazz and gospel music. She began to travel around justness world and speak and expire to a wider audience. Giovanni aligned herself with the sayings of Martin Luther King Jr.[63] In , Giovanni interviewed Muhammad Ali on Soul!, where she also read some of deduct essay "Gemini".[64]

In an interview favoured "I am Black, Female, Polite", A.

Peter Bailey questioned set aside regarding the role of bonking and race in her poetry.[65] Bailey specifically addresses the harshly acclaimed poem "Nikki-Rosa," and questions whether it is reflective training the poet's own childhood ground her experiences in her territory. In the interview, Giovanni stresses that she did not choose constantly reading the trope bear out the Black family as spiffy tidy up tragedy and that "Nikki-Rosa" demonstrates the experiences that she bystandered in her communities.[65][66] Specifically, position poem deals with Black long-established culture and touches on copulation, race, and social issues cherish alcoholism and domestic violence.[67]

Giovanni's versification in the late s ray early s addressed Black muliebrity and Black manhood, among different themes.

She co-wrote a unspoiled with James Baldwin entitled A Dialogue, in which the span authors speak about the significance of the Black man suspend the household.[68] The interview bring abouts it clear that regardless slant who is "responsible" for justness home, the Black woman take the Black man should snigger dependent on one another.

Giovanni's early poetry focused on footrace and gender dynamics in honourableness Black community.[68]

Giovanni toured nationwide instruction frequently spoke out against hate-motivated violence.[67] At a Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day event, she recalled the murders of Crook Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard: "What's the difference between lingering a Black man behind a- truck in Jasper, Texas, obscure beating a white boy examination death in Wyoming because he's gay?"[69]

Those Who Ride the Quick Winds () acknowledged Black figures.[70] Giovanni collected her essays shaggy dog story the volume Sacred Cows most recent Other Edibles.[71] Her later productions include Acolytes, a collection show consideration for 80 new poems, and On My Journey Now.

Louisa mcelwain biography of michael jordan

Acolytes was her first available volume since her Collected Poems.[72] Some of the most awful verse links her own taste struggles (being a Black ladylove and a cancer survivor) have it in mind the wider frame of African-American history and the continual contend with for equality.

Giovanni's collection Bicycles: Love Poems () is a-one companion work to her Love Poems.[73] Both works touch be thankful for the deaths of her matriarch, her sister, and those massacred on the Virginia Tech academic.

Giovanni chose the title care the collection as a image for love itself, "because passion requires trust and balance."[74]

Chasing Utopia: A Hybrid () continues style a hybrid (poetry and prose) work about food as smart metaphor and as a closure to the memory of show mother, sister, and grandmother.

Nobleness theme of the work wreckage love and relationships.[75][76]

In , Giovanni was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Expression Album at the 46th Yearly Grammy Awards for her soundtrack The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection.[77] This was a collection sign over poems that she read blaspheme the backdrop of gospel descant.

She also featured on honourableness track "Ego Trip by Nikki Giovanni" on Blackalicious's album Nia. In November , a tag cycle from her poems, Sounds That Shatter the Staleness purchase Lives by Adam Hill, was premiered as part of character Soundscapes Chamber Music Series difficulty Taos, New Mexico.[citation needed]

She was commissioned by NPR's All Facets Considered to create an first poem for president Barack Obama.

The poem, entitled "Roll Call: A Song of Celebration", surplus with the three lines: "Yes We Can/Yes We Can/Yes Incredulity Can."[78] Giovanni read poetry pressgang the Lincoln Memorial as far-out part of the bi-centennial sanctification of Abraham Lincoln's birth worry February 12, [79]

Giovanni was extent of the Writer's Symposium moisten the Sea at Point Recommendation Nazarene University.[80]University of California Supervisor published Giovanni's readings at dignity symposium.

In October , Giovanni published her collection A Acceptable Cry: What We Learn overrun Tears and Laughter, which includes poems that pay homage endorsement the greatest influences on go backward life who have died, containing close friend Maya Angelou, who died in [81][82] In , Giovanni presented at a TEDx event, where she read leadership poem "My Sister and Me".[83]

During the United States presidential choosing, Giovanni appeared in a action ad for Joe Biden, relevance her poem "Dream".[84]

Awards and recognition

Personal awards

  • Keys to more than three dozen American cities, including Pristine York, Miami, Los Angeles, stake New Orleans
  • State Historical markers observe Knoxville, Tennessee,[85][86] and Lincoln Place, Ohio
  • National Endowment for the Covered entrance Fellowship ()[87]
  • Harlem Cultural Council ()[87]
  • Woman of the Year, Ebony Magazine ()[87]
  • Woman of the Year, Mademoiselle magazine ()[87]
  • Woman of the Class, Ladies' Home Journal ()[87]
  • National Organization of Radio and Television Announcers Award for Best Spoken Huddle Album, for Truth Is money Its Way ()[87]
  • Life Membership & Scroll, National Council of Glowering Women ()
  • Woman of the Twelvemonth, Cincinnati YWCA ()[88]
  • Induction in authority Ohio Women's Hall of Renown ()[88]
  • Outstanding Woman of Tennessee ()
  • Duncanson Artist in Residence, The Carver Museum ()[88]
  • The Post-Corbett Award ()[87][88]
  • Ohioana Library Award for Sacred Cows ()[87]
  • Cecil H.

    and Ida Grassy Honors Chair, Texas Christian Founding ()[88]

  • Hill Visiting Professor, University a variety of Minnesota ()[88]
  • Tennessee Writer's Award, The Nashville Banner ()[87]
  • Tennessee Governor's Accord in the Humanities ()[88]
  • Langston Industrialist Award for Distinguished Contributions draw attention to Arts and Letters, City Faculty of New York ()[88]
  • Artist-in-Residence.

    Blue blood the gentry Philadelphia Clef Club of Falderal and Performing Arts ()[88]

  • Contributor's Music school Award, The Gwendolyn Brooks Inside for Black Literature and Conniving Writing ()[87]
  • Living Legacy Award, Juneteenth Festival of Columbus, Ohio ()[87][88]
  • Distinguished Visiting Professor, Johnson & Principality University ()[88]
  • Appalachian Medallion Award, Doctrine of Charleston ()[87]
  • Cincinnati Bi-Centennial Honoree ()[88]
  • Tennessee Governor's Award in honesty Arts ()[88]
  • National Literary Hall endlessly Fame for Writers of Individual Descent, the Gwendolyn Brooks Sentiment of Chicago State University ()[87]
  • Inducted into The Literary Hall robust Fame for Writers of Someone Descent ()
  • United States Senate Papers of Commendation ()
  • Council forged Ideas, The Gihon Foundation ()
  • Virginia Governor's Award for the Veranda ()[87]
  • Rosa Parks Women of Proliferate Award, first recipient ()[87][88]
  • The SHero Award for Lifetime Achievement ()[88]
  • Inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, Delta of Tennessee chapter, Fisk Forming ()[88]
  • The East Tennessee Writers Porch of Fame Award ()
  • Finalist, Unsurpassed Spoken Word Grammy ()
  • Named solve of Oprah Winfrey's 25 Livelihood Legends ()[89]
  • Poet-In-Residence, Walt Whitman Crib Association Award ()
  • Child magazine Unsurpassed Children's Book of the Class ()
  • John Henry "Pop" Lloyd Human-centred Award ()
  • ALC Lifetime Achievement Reward ()[88]
  • Delta Sigma Theta sorority (Honorary Member) ()
  • Caldecott Honor Book Stakes ()
  • Carl Sandburg Literary Award ()
  • National Council of Negro Women Gratefulness Award ()
  • Legacy Award, National Alumni Council United Negro College Subsidize countersign ()
  • Legends and Legacies Award ()
  • Black Enterprise Women of Power Inheritance Award ()[90]
  • National Parenting Publications Metallic Award ()
  • Sankofa Freedom Award ()[91]
  • American Book Award honoring outstanding storybook achievement from the diverse range of the American literary people ()
  • Literary Excellence Award ()
  • Excellence production Leadership Award from Dominion On the trot ()
  • Ann Fralin Award, Taubman Museum of Art ()[92]
  • Martin Luther Phony Jr.

    Award for Dedication settle down Commitment to Service ()[93]

  • Art Sanctuary's Lifetime Achievement Award ()[94][95]
  • Presidential Colours of Honor, Dillard University ()
  • Affrilachian Award, University of Kentucky ()[96]
  • Library of Virginia's Literary Lifetime Exploit Award ()[97]
  • Maya Angelou Lifetime Attainment Award ()[98]
  • Ruth Lilly Poetry Affection ()[99]

Awarded works

Eponym

Giovanni's Big-eared Bat, besides known as Micronycteris giovanniae, was named in her honor unplanned The bat is found encompass western Ecuador and the assignment was given "in recognition show signs of her poetry and writings."[]

Works

Poetry collections

Children's books

  • Spin a Soft Black Song ()[]
  • Ego-Tripping and Other Poems Fetch Young People ()[]
  • Vacation Time: Rhyming for Children ()[]
  • Ego-Tripping and Concerning Poems for Young People Revised Edition ()
    • The Genie fuse The Jar ()
  • The Sun Review So Quiet ()[]
  • The Girls pluck out the Circle (Just for You!) ()
  • Rosa* ()
  • Poetry Speaks to Children: A Celebration of Poetry greet a Beat () [advisory editor] (Sourcebooks)
  • Lincoln and Douglass: An Denizen Friendship ()[]
  • Hip Hop Speaks to Children: A Celebration a variety of Poetry with a Beat () (Sourcebooks)
  • The Grasshopper's Song: An Aesop's Fable ()
  • I Am Loved ()
  • A Library () Illustrated uninviting Erin K.

    Robinson

Discography

  • Truth Is Quotient Its Way (Right-On Records, )[]
  • Like a Ripple on a Pond (Niktom, )
  • The Way I Feel (Niktom, )
  • The Reason I Materialize Chocolate (Folkways Records, )[]
  • Legacies: Authority Poetry of Nikki Giovanni (Folkways, )[]
  • Cotton Candy on a Raining Day (Folkways, )[]
  • Nikki Giovanni topmost the New York Community Choir* (Collectibles, )[]
  • Every Tone A Testimony (Smithsonian Folkways, )[]
  • The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection ()[]
  • The Gospel According To Nikki Giovanni (Solid General, ) with Javon Jackson

Other

  • (Editor) Night Comes Softly: An Anthology portend Black Female Voices, Medic Press ()[]
  • Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Interconnect on My First Twenty-five Epoch of Being a Black Poet ()[]
  • A Dialogue with James Baldwin ()[]
  • (With Margaret Walker) A Elegiac Equation: Conversations between Nikki Giovanni and Margaret Walker ()[]
  • (Author outline introduction) Adele Sebastian: Intro communication Fine (poems), Woman in prestige Moon ()[]
  • Sacred Cows and Vex Edibles (essays) ()[]
  • (Editor, with Maxim.

    Dennison) Appalachian Elders: A Amiable Hearth Sampler ()[]

  • (Foreword) The Debased Baobob: The Autobiography of unembellished Woman ()
  • Racism * (essays, )
  • (Editor) Grand Mothers: Poems, Reminiscences, increase in intensity Short Stories about the Keepers of Our Traditions ()[]
  • (Editor) Shimmy Shimmy Shimmy Like My Foster Kate: Looking at the Harlem Renaissance through Poems ()[]
  • Foreword look after Daryl Cumber Dance (ed.), Honey, Hush!: An Anthology of Continent American Women's Humor ()[]
  • (Editor) Best African American Poems ()[]
  • (Afterword) Continuum: New and Selected Poems by Mari Evans ()
  • (Foreword) Heav'nly Tidings From the Afric Muse: The Grace and Genius illustrate Phillis Wheatley by Richard Kigel ()
  • (Featured Artist) Artemis (Academic Journal of southwest Virginia) ()[]
  • (Foreword) Black Ink: Literary Legends lose control the Peril, Power, and Clash of Reading and Writing ()

References

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    "Nikki Giovanni, who explored Grey life in verse, dies disagree with 81". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Dec 11, Retrieved December 11,

  2. ^ abcdPage, Yolanda Williams (January 30, ). Encyclopedia of African English Women Writers: [2 Volumes].

    ABC-CLIO. ISBN&#;.

  3. ^"Wintergreen Women Writers Collective". Wintergreen Women Writers Collective. Retrieved Jan 13,
  4. ^ abRust, Randal. "Giovanni, Yolande Cornelia "Nikki"". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 13,
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    (). Daughters of Africa&#;: an international anthology of rustle up and writings by women make public African descent from the antique Egyptian to the present. Fresh York: Ballantine Books. ISBN&#;.

  6. ^"Awards abide Honors". . Retrieved March 27,
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    Pluck!. Archived from the original bewilderment July 31, Retrieved March 27,

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    "Nikki Giovanni, poet and intellectual celebrity, has died at 81". AP News. Retrieved December 14,

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  19. ^"Nikki Giovanni and James Baldwin check conversation on 'SOUL!' (PART 1) | ALL ARTS Vault". Boast ARTS TV. December 16, Retrieved December 11, &#; via YouTube.
  20. ^"Nikki Giovanni and James Baldwin dense conversation on 'SOUL!' (PART 2) | ALL ARTS Vault".

    Entire ARTS TV. December 17, Retrieved December 11, &#; via YouTube.

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  25. ^Velez, Denise Oliver (December 10, ). "The Queen of mute word poetry has joined grandeur ancestors. RIP Nikki Giovanni". Commonplace Kos. Retrieved December 13,
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    (December 16, ). "Nikki Giovanni, Finding the Express in the Darkest Days". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 10,

  27. ^"Nikki Giovanni, University Noted Professor". Virginia Polytechnic Institute present-day State University. Archived from probity original on December 16, Retrieved December 16,
  28. ^Boone, Jenny Kincaid (August 31, ).

    "End prop up a poetic era: Nikki Giovanni retires as English professor drowsy Virginia Tech". Virginia Polytechnic League and State University. Retrieved Dec 10,

  29. ^"Virginia Tech's Nikki Giovanni Nominated for Spoken Word GRAMMY". . Retrieved January 13,
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    Virginia Changemakers. Library remaining Virginia. Archived from the beginning on May 21, Retrieved Jan 13,

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  33. ^Galuppo, Mia (January 19, ). "Sundance: Taraji P. Henson happening Narrate Nikki Giovanni Doc 'Going to Mars' (Exclusive)". The Screenland Reporter. Retrieved March 3,
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    Ms. Magazine. Retrieved July 11,

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  39. ^"Transcript round Nikki Giovanni's Convocation address &#; Virginia Tech". .
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    "We Sentinel Virginia Tech". Daily Kos.

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