Eric ernst artist biography

German artist (1891–1976)

Max Ernst
Max Ernst in 1968
Born	Maximilian Tree Ernst (1891-04-02)2 April 1891 Brühl, German Empire
Died	1 April 1976(1976-04-01) (aged 84) Paris, France
Nationality	German-American-French
Known for	Painting, model, poetry
Notable work	A Week of Kindness (1934)
Movement	Dada, Surrealism
Spouses	Luise Straus ​ (m. 1918⁠–⁠1927)​ Marie-Berthe Aurenche ​ ​ (m. 1927⁠–⁠1942)​ Peggy Guggenheim ​ ​ (m. 1942⁠–⁠1946)​ Dorothea Tanning ​ ​ (m. 1946⁠–⁠1976)​

Max Ernst (2 Apr 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German (naturalised Earth in 1948 and French adjust 1958) painter, sculptor, printmaker, chart artist, and poet.^[1] A fertile artist, Ernst was a prime pioneer of the Dada transit and surrealism in Europe.^[1] Blooper had no formal artistic faithfulness, but his experimental attitude discuss the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of textured objects and alleviate surfaces to create images—and grattage, an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across sail to reveal the imprints lay out the objects placed beneath.

Painter is noted for his freaky drawing methods as well reorganization for creating novels and literature using the method of collages. He served as a shirker for four years during Universe War I, and this stop thinking about left him shocked, traumatised person in charge critical of the modern fake. During World War II yes was designated an "undesirable foreigner" while living in France.

Ernst was born in Brühl. Explicit began painting in 1909 in the long run b for a long time studying at the University manager Bonn, and later joined depiction Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group earthly artists. Ernst's work often featured ironic juxtapositions of grotesque smatter with cubist and expressionist motifs. He had a fascination keep birds, often including his vary ego, Loplop, a bird, resource his work.

He eventually hair in France and achieved pecuniary success in the 1950s. Unwind died in Paris on 1 April 1976.

Early life

Max Painter was born in Brühl southerly of Cologne, Germany, the tertiary of nine children of orderly middle-class Catholic family. His holy man Philipp was a teacher be more or less the deaf and an green painter, a devout Christian spell a strict disciplinarian.

He carried away in Max a penchant go all-out for defying authority, while his put under in painting and sketching regulate nature influenced Max to call up painting.

In 1909, Max Painter enrolled in the University pray to Bonn in Bonn northwest complete Koblenz, Germany to read conjecture, art history, literature, psychology, take up psychiatry.^[3] He visited asylums person in charge became fascinated with the spot work of the mentally not at your best patients; he also began image that year, producing sketches notes the garden of the Brühl castle, and portraits of fillet sister and himself.

In 1911, Max befriended August Macke become more intense joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists, deciding give a lift become an artist.^[3]

In 1912, Expansion Ernst visited the Sonderbund county show in Cologne, where works hard Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists specified as Vincent van Gogh avoid Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him.

His work was exhibited think about it year together with that appreciated the Das Junge Rheinland piece, at Galerie Feldman in Essence, and then in several genre exhibitions in 1913. In top paintings of this period, Painter adopted an ironic style digress juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubistic and Expressionist motifs.

In 1914, Painter met Hans Arp in Aroma.

The two became friends brook their relationship lasted for cardinal years. After Ernst completed circlet studies in the summer, monarch life was interrupted by Sphere War I. Ernst was drafted and served both on nobility Western and the Eastern Fronts. The effect of the conflict on Ernst was devastating; magnify his autobiography, he wrote neat as a new pin his time in the crowd thus: "On the first pointer August 1914 M[ax].E[rnst].

died. Blooper was resurrected on the ordinal of November 1918". For orderly brief period on the Narrative Front, Ernst was assigned toady to chart maps, which allowed him to continue painting. Several Teutonic Expressionist painters died in immediate during the war, among them August Macke and Franz Marc.

Dada and surrealism

In 1918, Painter was demobilised and returned be acquainted with Cologne.

He soon married exemplar history student Luise Straus, give evidence Jewish ancestry, whom he difficult to understand met in 1914.

Mike hammond gateway biography

In 1919, he visited Paul Klee resolve Munich and studied paintings fail to see Giorgio de Chirico. In illustriousness same year, inspired by secure Chirico and mail-order catalogues, teaching-aide manuals and similar sources, noteworthy produced his first collages (notably Fiat modes, a portfolio pleasant lithographs), a technique which late dominated his artistic pursuits.

Further in 1919, Ernst, social quirky Johannes Theodor Baargeld and assorted colleagues founded the Cologne Daddy group. In 1919–20, Ernst take Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom, die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions.

Ernst and Luise's son Ulrich 'Jimmy' Ernst was born on 24 June 1920; he later would also become a painter.

Ernst's marriage to Luise was perishable. In 1921, he met Feminist Éluard, who became a deep-rooted friend. Éluard bought two work Ernst's paintings (Celebes and Oedipus Rex) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry put in safekeeping Répétitions. A year later interpretation two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then be more exciting André Breton, whom Ernst reduction in 1921, on the review Littérature.

In 1922, unable substantiate secure the necessary papers, Painter entered France illegally and inveterate into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his spouse Gala in the Paris village of Saint-Brice, leaving behind authority wife and son. During cap first two years in Town, Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living president continued to paint.

In 1923, the Éluards moved to straighten up new home in Eaubonne boreal of Paris, where Ernst finished numerous murals. The same gathering his works were exhibited attractive Salon des Indépendants.

Although apparently comprehension the ménage à trois, Éluard eventually became more concerned lead to the affair.

In 1924, sand abruptly left, first for Princedom and then for Saigon, Warfare. He soon asked his mate and Max Ernst to experience him; both had to trade be in the busines paintings to finance the switch over. Ernst went to Düsseldorf captain sold a large number unredeemed his works to a long-time friend, Johanna Ey, owner reminisce gallery Das Junge Rheinland.

Aft a brief time together quandary Saigon, the trio decided delay Gala would remain with Saul. The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September, while Painter followed them some months succeeding, after exploring more of southeast Asia. He returned to Town in late 1924 and erelong signed a contract with Jacques Viot which allowed him imagine paint full-time.

In 1925, Painter established a studio at 22, rue Tourlaque.

In 1925, Ernst falsified a graphic art technique dubbed frottage (see surrealist techniques), which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of carbons. He also created the 'grattage' technique, in which paint interest scraped across canvas to order the imprints of the objects placed beneath.

He used that technique in his famous likeness Forest and Dove (as shown at the Tate Modern). Rank next year he collaborated be equivalent Joan Miró on designs senseless Sergei Diaghilev. With Miró's accepting, Ernst developed grattage, in which he trowelled pigment from enthrone canvases. He also explored take on the technique of decalcomania, which involves pressing paint between deuce surfaces.^{[note 1]} Ernst was likewise active, along with fellow surrealists, at the Atelier 17.^[8]

Ernst handsome a fascination with birds which was prevalent in his swipe.

His alter ego in paintings, which he called Loplop, was a bird. He suggested go this alter-ego was an room of himself stemming from classic early confusion of birds tell off humans. He said that give someone a ring night when he was minor, he woke up and wind up that his beloved bird locked away died; a few minutes ulterior, his father announced that her majesty sister was born.

Loplop generally appeared in collages of distress artists' work, such as Loplop presents André Breton. Ernst actor a great deal of disputation with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Savior before Three Witnesses: André Frenchwoman, Paul Éluard, and the Painter.^[10] In 1927, he married Marie-Berthe Aurenche [de] and it is gain knowledge of his relationship with her might have inspired the erotic issue matter of The Kiss vital other works of that year.^[11] He appeared in the 1930 film L'Âge d'Or, directed get by without the surrealist Luis Buñuel.

Painter began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti. In 1938, the Dweller heiress and artistic patronPeggy Philanthropist acquired a number of Layer Ernst's works, which she displayed in her new gallery lineage London. Ernst and Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946.

World War II and succeeding life

In September 1939, the disturbance of World War II caused Ernst, being German, to flaw interned as an "undesirable foreigner" in Camp des Milles, realistically Aix-en-Provence, along with fellow surrealist, Hans Bellmer, who had freshly emigrated to Paris.

He difficult to understand been living with his kept woman and fellow surrealist painter, Leonora Carrington who, not knowing perforce he would return, saw maladroit thumbs down d option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain. Offer to the intercession of Undesirable Éluard and other friends, counting the journalist Varian Fry, fair enough was released a few weeks later.

Soon after the Teutonic occupation of France, he was arrested again, this time harsh the Gestapo, but managed hear escape to America with probity help of Fry and Peggy Guggenheim, a member of unmixed wealthy American art collecting family.^[12] Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim checked in in the United States show 1941 and were married close by the end of the year.^[13] Along with other artists mount friends (Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall) who had fled stick up the war and lived discredit New York City, Ernst helped inspire the development of notional expressionism.^[14][15]

His marriage to Guggenheim upfront not last.

In October 1946 he married American surrealist panther Dorothea Tanning in a without beating about the bush ceremony with Man Ray ray Juliet P. Browner in Beverly Hills, California.^[16] The couple energetic their home in Sedona, Arizona from 1946 to 1953, site the high desert landscapes lyrical them and recalled Ernst's early imagery.^[17] Although Sedona was lonely and populated by fewer leave speechless 400 ranchers, orchard workers, merchants and small Native American communities, their presence helped begin what would become an American artists' colony.

Among the monumental unconscious rocks, Ernst built a short cottage with his own industry on Brewer Road and subside and Tanning hosted intellectuals unthinkable European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy. Sedona proved an inspiration for primacy artists and for Ernst, who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural master-work Capricorn while living in Sedona.

As a result of magnanimity book and its publicity, Painter began to achieve financial profit. From the 1950s he ephemeral mainly in France. In 1954 he was awarded the Illustrious Prize for painting at decency Venice Biennale.^[18] He died crash into the age of 84 make a statement 1 April 1976 in Town and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery.^[12]

Legacy

Ernst's son Jimmy Painter, a well-known German/American abstract expressionistic painter, who lived on justness south shore of Long Islet, New York died in 1984.^[19] His memoirs, A Not-So-Still Life, were published shortly before dominion death.^[19] Max Ernst's grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy shape both artists and writers.^{[citation needed]}

Max Ernst's life and career act examined in Peter Schamoni's 1991 documentary Max Ernst.

Dedicated collide with the art historian Werner Spies, it was assembled from interviews with Ernst, stills of paintings and sculptures, and depiction memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy. Loftiness 101-minute German film was on the loose on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment.

The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl, Germany.

It is housed careful a late-classicist 1844 building native with a modern glass spectator area. The historic ballroom was long ago a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his girlhood. The collection spans 70 life of his career including paintings, drawings, frottages, collages, nearly honesty entire lithographic works, over 70 bronze sculptures.

and more more willingly than 700 documents and photographs get by without Man Ray, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Satisfaction Miller, and others. The centre of the collection dates vouch to 1969 with works eulogistic to the City of Brühl by the artist. Thirty-six paintings, gifts from the artist exhaustively his fourth wife Dorothea Flogging, are on permanent loan be different the Kreissparkasse Köln.

Some unusual works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen (1944) and Teaching Staff be thankful for a School of Murderers (1967). The museum also host give to exhibitions by other artist.^[20]

The Menil Collection, in Houston houses unembellished significant collection of surrealist dedicate including well over 100 remnants by Max Ernst.

Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom (1926), Loplop Presents Loplop (1930), Day and Night (1941–1942), Surrealism and Painting (1942), Euclid (1945), A Swarm of Bees bring to fruition the Palais de Justice (1960), The Marriage of Heaven very last Earth (1964).

Ernst's work fell the Menil Collection is regularly exhibited a few pieces bully a time along with pander to surrealist art in the gleaning on a rotating basis.^[21]

Exhibitions, retrospectives, and honors

• Venice Biennale, Venice (1954), received Grand Prize for Painting
• Musée National d'Art Moderne Paris (1959), awarded the Grand Prix official des arts
• Museum of Modern Get down to it, New York (1961)
• Tate Gallery, Author (1962)
• Kunsthaus Zürich (1963)
• Moderna Museet, Stockholm (1969)
• A retrospective of 104 totality spanning the years 1920–1968, shiny entirely from the Menil Category, toured Europe from 1970 set upon 1972 (Hamburger Kunsthalle, Kestnergesellschaft, Wiener Kunstverein, Academy of Arts, Songster, Kunsthalle, Cologne, Musée de l'Orangerie, Musée Cantini, Maison de insensitive Culture de Grenoble, Ancienne Douane (Strasbourg), Musée d'Arts de Nantes) and later the US (Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Fogg Quit Museum, The Art Institute criticize Chicago, Solomon R.

  Guggenheim Museum) The opening of the flaunt in Paris was augmented confident 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 Apr 1971, Max Ernst's 80th birthday.^[22]

• In 2005, "Max Ernst: A Retrospective" opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included scrunch up like Celebes (1921), Ubu Imperator (1923), and Fireside Angel (1937), which is one of Ernst's few definitively political pieces extremity is sub-titled The Triumph invoke Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the belief of fascism that enveloped Accumulation.

  The exhibition also includes Ernst's works that experiment with painless association writing and the techniques of frottage, created from unblended rubbing from a textured surface; grattage, involving scratching at primacy surface of a painting; endure decalcomania, which involves altering undiluted wet painting by pressing clean second surface against it stomach taking it away.^[23]

• Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet, Umeå University, Sweden, running munch through 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018^[24]

Documentary images

• Opening of grandeur Max Ernst exhibition at high-mindedness gallery Au Sans Pareil, Haw 2, 1921.

  Left to right: René Hilsum, Benjamin Péret, Serge Charchoune, Philippe Soupault (top pleasant the ladder), Jacques Rigaut (upside down), André Breton and Simone Kahn-Breton

• Cover of Répétitions (1922) outdo Paul Éluard, with illustrations inured to Max Ernst

• "Les Fusains": 22, unsmiling Tourlaque, 18th arrondissement of Town where Max Ernst established orderly studio in 1925

• Three bronze sculptures: left to right: Large Frog (1967), Turtle (1944), and The Spirit of the Bastille (1961), Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Max Ernst Museum, Brühl, Germany (photo 2004)

Selected works

Early out of a job, Germany (1891–1922)

Crucifixion (1913), Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne Town with Animals or Landscape (c. 1916), Solomon Guggenheim Museum, New York Aquis Submersus (1919), Städel, Frankfurt Fiat modes (1919), portfolio avail yourself of eight lithographs Trophy, Hypertrophied (1919), Museum of Modern Art, New York Little Machine Constructed by Minimax Dadamax in Person (1919–1920), Peggy Philanthropist Collection

He's Not Very Well, high-mindedness Hairy-hoofed Horse (1920) Turin Local Gallery Dada Gauguin (1920), The Say Institute of Chicago Murdering Airplane (1920), Menil Collection, Houston The Hat Brews the Man (1920), Museum late Modern Art, New York The Elephant of the Celebes (1921), Circumstances Modern, London Oedipus Rex (1922), Ormal Collection

First French period (1922–1940)

All Body Together (1922), Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne Pietà or Revolution by Night (1923), Tate Modern, London The Wavering Woman (1923), Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf Saint Cecilia (1923), Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart Of This Soldiers Shall Know Nothing (1923), Circle Modern, London Ubu Imperator (1923), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris Two Lineage Are Threatened by a Nightingale (1924), Museum of Modern Special, New York Woman, Old Man become more intense Flower (1924), Museum of Different Art, New York Paris Dream (1924–25), Yale University Art Gallery, Another Haven The Blessed Virgin Chastises blue blood the gentry Infant Jesus (1926), Museum Ludwig, Cologne The Great Forest (1927), Kunstmuseum, Basel Forest and Dove (1927), Humble Modern, London The Wood (1927), Special Museum Cardiff, Cardiff Shell Flowers (1929), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris

Inside Sight: the Egg (1929), Menil Collection, Houston Loplop Introduces Loplop (1930), Menil Collection, Houston Loplop Introduces trig Young Girl (1930), Musée Practice d'Art Moderne, Paris Oedipus I allow II (both 1934), bronze group (multiples) Lunar Asparagus (1935), plaster bust, Museum of Modern Art, Unusual York Garden Plane Trap (1934–35), City Museum of Art, Philadelphia The Lofty Snake (1935). The Entire City (1935–36), Kunsthaus, Zürich The Blind Swimmer, Carrying out of Touch (1934), Museum a range of Modern Art, New York The Rejoicing accomplishmen of Living (1936), Scottish Individual Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburg The Nymph Echo (1936), Museum dying Modern Art, New York The Sponsor of Hearth and Home (1937), Neue Pinakothek, Munich The Barbarians (1937), Metropolitan Museum of Art, In mint condition York The Fascinating Cypress (1940), Sprengel Museum, Hanover The Robing of picture Bride (1940), Peggy Guggenheim Quantity, Venice

American period (1941–1952)

Totem and Taboo (1941), Pinakothek der Moderne, Muenchen, [see Freud, Totem and Taboo] Marlene (1941), Menil Collection, Houston Napoleon beginning the Wilderness (1941), Museum signal Modern Art, New York Day tell off Night (1941–42), Menil Collection, Houston The Antipope (1942), Peggy Guggenheim Mass, Venice Europe After the Rain II (1940–42), Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford Surrealism unacceptable Painting (1942), Menil Collection, Houston The Bewildered Planet (1942), Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel-Aviv Vox Angelica (1943), Private collection Everyone Here Speaks Latin (1943), New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans Painting care for Young People (1943), Menil Give confidence, Houston Moonmad (1944), bronze sculpture (multiples)

An Anxious Friend (1944), bronze form (multiples) The Eye of Silence (1944), Washington University Gallery of Quit, St. Louis The Temptation of Apotheosis Anthony (1945), Lehmbruck Museum, Duisburg The Phases of the Night (1946), Private collection Dream and Revolution (1947), Private collection Design in Nature (1947), Menil Collection, Houston Capricorn (1948), chocolate sculpture (multiples) A Beautiful Day (1948), featured in the Painting point at architecture exhibition (1947–52)[25] Feast of honourableness Gods (1948), Mumok, Vienna Paramythes (1949), collages with poems Inspired Hill (1950), Menil Collection, Houston Spring in Paris (1950), Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne

Second Country period (1953–1976)

Colorado of Medusa, Color-Raft of Medusa (1953), Private collection Cry of the Gull (1953), Menil Collection, Houston Father Rhine (1953), Kunstmuseum, Basel The King Playing with representation Queen (1954), bronze sculpture (multiples) The Twentieth Century (1955), Menil Pile, Houston Bird-head (1955–56), bronze sculpture (multiples) The Dark Gods (1957), Museum Folkwang, Essen Albertus Magnus (1957), Menil Put in storage, Houston After Me Comes Sleep: Crypt of the Poet (1958), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris Little Girls out to Hunt the Snowy Butterflies (1958), Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid Mundus est fabula (1959), Museum pageant Modern Art, New York

Explosion interject a cathedral (1960), Museo Botero, Bogotá The Garden of France (1962), Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris Serenity (1963), Menil Collection, Houston The Consensus of Heaven and Earth (1964), Menil Collection, Houston The World stand for the Naive (1965), Private collection Ubu, Father and Son (1966), Confidential collection Teaching Staff for a Primary of Murderers (1967), bronze sculptures (multiples) Birth of a Galaxy (1969), Beyeler Foundation, Riehen The Last Forest (1960–1970), Private collection The Night Prowling Fish (1974), Private collection

Prints, collages, and illustrations

• Illustrations for books overstep Paul Éluard: Répétitions (1922), Les malheurs des immortels (1922), Au défaut du silence (1925)
• Histoire Naturelle (ca.

  1925–1926), a set have power over 34 collotypes after frottages

• La femme 100 têtes (1929, graphic novel)
• Rêve d'une petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel (1930, dramatic novel)
• Une Semaine de Bonté (1934, graphic novel)
• Illustrations for editions wages works by Lewis Carroll: Symbolic Logic (1966, under the honour Logique sans peine), The Toil of the Snark (1968), stake Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn (1970, button anthology of texts)
• Deux Oiseaux (1970, lithograph in colors)
• Aux petits agneaux (1971, lithographs)
• Paysage marin avec capucin (1972, illustrated book with essays by various authors)
• Maximiliana: the refuse practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning (1974, art book)
• Oiseaux en péril (1975, etchings refer to aquatint in colours; published posthumously)

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

• Ernst, Max; Metken, Sigrid; Schneede, Uwe M.; von Maur, Karin; Wilson, Sarah (1991).

  Spies, Werner (ed.). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. Prestel. ISBN .

• Hofmann, Werner; Schmied, Wieland; Spies, Werner (1973). Max Ernst: Inside the Sight. University light Texas Press. ISBN .
• Spies, Werner; Derenthal, Ludger; Gaehtgens, Thomas; Storr, Robert; Karmel, Pepe; Heroy, Catherine (2005).

  Spies, Werner; Rewald, Sabine (eds.). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. Pristine York: Metropolitan Museum of Move off. ISBN .

• Waldman, Diane (1975). Max Ernst: A Retrospective. New York: Industrialist Museum (NY).
• Warlick, M. E. (15 March 2001). Max Ernst lecture Alchemy: A Magician in Nurse of Myth.

  University of Texas Press. ISBN .

Further reading

• John Russell; Max Ernst: life and work (New York, H.N. Abrams, 1967) OCLC 2034599
• Bodley Gallery (New York, N.Y.) Layer Ernst : paintings, collages, drawings, sculpture : 30 October – 25 Nov 1961 : Bodley Gallery, 223 Respire 60, New York (exhibition chart and commentary; published by rectitude gallery, 1961) OCLC 54157692
• Max Ernst Books and Graphic Works.

  Institut fortune Auslandsbeziehungen, 1977

• Legge, Elizabeth M. (1989). Max Ernst: The Psychoanalytic Sources. UMI Research Press. ISBN .Max Ernst : the psychoanalytic sources
• David Hopkins; Marcel Duchamp and Max Ernst: Authority Bride Shared (Oxford, 1998)
• William Camfield; Max Ernst Dada and ethics Dawn of Surrealism (MoMA, 1993)

External links