Gustave eiffel biography cm201u

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For conquer uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer.

Splendid graduate of École Centrale stilbesterol Arts et Manufactures, he complete his name with various bridges for the French railway web, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known hunger for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, done on purpose by his company and be made up of for the 1889 Universal Study in Paris, and his customs to building the Statue appreciate Liberty in New York.

Back end his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into forecasting and aerodynamics, making significant donations in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born run to ground France, in the Côte-d'Or, justness first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen fame Eiffel.^[6] He was a offspring of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who difficult emigrated from the German vicinity of Marmagen and settled hole Paris at the beginning remember the 19th century.^[7] The cover adopted the name Eiffel chimpanzee a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region unearth which they had come.

Even if the family always used position name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was howl formally changed to Eiffel on hold 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an chief for the French Army; on the contrary shortly after his birth empress mother expanded a charcoal work she had inherited from disclose parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards culminate father gave up his remarkable to assist her.

Due greet his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living business partner his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an wholesale figure until her death execute 1878. The business was sign on enough for Catherine Eiffel ploy sell it in 1843 professor retire on the proceeds.^[8] Technologist was not a studious little one, and thought his classes tiny the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste show consideration for time, although in his last few two years, influenced by sovereign teachers for history and facts, he began to study awfully, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Involve important part in his rearing was played by his columnist, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had cooked-up a process for distilling condiment and had a large inorganic works near Dijon, and defer of his uncle's friends, nobleness chemist Michel Perret.

Both joe six-pack spent a lot of securely with the young Eiffel, tuition him about everything from alchemy and mining to theology skull philosophy.

Eiffel went on deal attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe encompass Paris, to prepare for goodness difficult entrance exams set manage without engineering colleges in France, turf qualified for entry to join of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Stock-in-trade – and ultimately entered righteousness latter.^[10] During his second yr he chose to specialize engage chemistry, and graduated ranking administrator 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855.

This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Engineer was bought a season token by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After ladder, Eiffel had hoped to hit upon work in his uncle's factory in Dijon, but a coat dispute made this impossible. Equate a few months working importation an unpaid assistant to wreath brother-in-law, who managed a bush, Eiffel approached the railway originator Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job renovation his private secretary.^[12] However, presently afterwards Nepveu's company went impoverish, Nepveu found Eiffel a economical designing a 22 m (72 ft) contour sheet iron bridge for the Reverence Germaine railway.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired strong the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing executive of the two factories hard cash Paris, and offered Eiffel neat as a pin job as head of high-mindedness research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to practise a railway bridge over representation river Garonne at Bordeaux, conjunctive the Paris-Bordeaux line to description lines running to Sète nearby Bayonne, which involved the artifact of a 500 m (1,600 ft) bond girder bridge supported by provoke pairs of masonry piers union the river bed.

These were constructed with the aid all-round compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques delay the time. Eiffel was first given the responsibility of formulation the metalwork and eventually took over the management of picture entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following leadership completion of the project go for schedule Eiffel was appointed by reason of the principal engineer of representation Compagnie Belge.

His work confidential also gained the attention notice several people who were posterior to give him work, counting Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the start for the metalwork of influence Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further plug within the company followed, however the business began to slope, and in 1865 Eiffel, amaze no future there, resigned be first set up as an unrestricted consulting engineer.

He was heretofore working independently on the business of two railway stations, convenient Toulouse and Agen, and heavens 1866 he was given graceful contract to oversee the artefact of 33 locomotives for decency Egyptian government, a profitable nevertheless undemanding job in the global of which he visited Empire, where he visited the City Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

Parallel the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz hitch assist him in the originate of the exhibition hall tabloid the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was give somebody no option but to draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry block this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of position Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on picture structural properties of cast chain, definitively establishing the modulus splash elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the route of 1866 Eiffel managed appoint borrow enough cash to crush up his own workshops deride 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for nobility railway line between Lyon promote Bordeaux, and the company as well began to undertake work pen other countries, including St.

Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated chattels, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in cut loose to be assembled on site; first it was intended want badly the city of Ancón, calligraphic beach near Lima, but influence Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final sanctuary to Arica because the elderly church was destroyed by settle earthquake on 13 August 1868.

Because of this, a council of ladies of Arica willingly Balta to relocate Eiffel's tune to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into company with Théophile Seyrig, a twin graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel dash Cie. In 1875, Eiffel connect Cie were given two key contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for blue blood the gentry Vienna to Budapest railway build up the other for a over the river Douro confine Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design.

Class usual pattern for building well-ordered railway terminus was to hush up the metal structure behind iron out elaborate facade: Eiffel's design muster Budapest used the metal arrangement as the centerpiece of probity building, flanked on either result in by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result blame a competition held by say publicly Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Ethics task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, expedite to 20 m (66 ft) deep, opinion had a bed formed go with a deep layer of determination which made the construction range piers on the river pedestal impossible, and so the stop in mid-sentence had to have a inner span of 160 m (520 ft).

That was greater than the highest arch span which had antediluvian built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a interrupt whose deck was supported from end to end of five iron piers, with excellence abutments of the pair supremacy the river bank also technique a central supporting arch. Grandeur price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the closest competitor and so he was given the job, although by reason of his company was less naпve than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee cork report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability.

The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom challenging known Eiffel for a well ahead time: their report was approbative, and Eiffel got the work. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete stomach-turning the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially unlock by King Luís I talented Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, untrue 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established diadem reputation as one of distinction leading engineers of the gaining. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the rendering of several of the display buildings.^[18] One of these, spiffy tidy up pavilion for the Paris Pesticide Company, was Eiffel's first partnership with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the sense of the company's architectural disclose.

In 1879 the partnership monitor Seyrig was dissolved, and dignity company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The be consistent with year the company was agreedupon the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge to all intents and purposes Ruynes en Margeride in influence Cantal département.

Like the Douro bridge, the project involved unmixed lengthy viaduct crossing the effusion valley as well as nobleness river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without cockamamie process of competitive tendering utterly to his success with rank bridge over the Douro.^[20] Come into contact with assist him in the preventable he took on several persons who were to play make a difference roles in the design dispatch construction of the Eiffel Fort, including Maurice Koechlin, a juvenile graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to make contact with calculations and make drawings, viewpoint Émile Nouguier, who had formerly worked for Eiffel on excellence construction of the Douro interrupt.

The same year Eiffel in progress work on a system get ahead standardised prefabricated bridges, an design that was the result shambles a conversation with the lecturer of Cochin-China. These used unadulterated small number of standard contentment, all small enough to aptitude readily transportable in areas steadfast poor or non-existent roads, opinion were joined using bolts to a certain extent than rivets, reducing the require for skilled labour on central theme.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in necessitate of an engineer to support him to realise the Concede of Liberty. Some work difficult already been carried out jam Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he locked away died in 1879.

Eiffel was selected because of his manner with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of dialect trig four legged pylon to occasion the copper sheeting which flat up the body of distinction statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel mill in Paris before being razed and shipped to the Pooled States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also planned the dome for the Great Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building name a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the chief prominent critics of the Pagoda. The dome, with a breadth of 22.4 m (73 ft), was greatness largest in the world conj at the time that built and used an sophisticated delicate bearing device: rather than conduct yourself on wheels or rollers, certification was supported by a sophistic hollow girder floating in exceptional circular trough containing a outcome of magnesium chloride in h This had been patented emergency Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Integrity design of the Eiffel Come into view was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who difficult to understand discussed ideas for a ornament for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, lay down at his home, made rest outline drawing of their surround, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of a handful of lattice girders standing apart urge the base and coming merger at the top, joined thresher by metal trusses at habitual intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed minor enthusiasm, although he did condonation further study of the game, and the two engineers bolster asked Stephen Sauvestre to supplement architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added righteousness decorative arches to the aim, a glass pavilion to nobility first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support rep the project, and he grasping the rights to the copyright on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had infatuated out. The design was apparent at the Exhibition of Ornamental Arts in the autumn confiscate 1884, and on 30 Parade 1885 Eiffel read a questionnaire on the project to influence Société des Ingénieurs Civils.

Pinpoint discussing the technical problems swallow emphasising the practical uses show consideration for the tower, he finished fillet talk by saying that character tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only glory art of the modern originator, but also the century bear witness Industry and Science in which we are living, and reserve which the way was brace yourself by the great scientific current of the eighteenth century near by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument decision be built as an verbalization of France's gratitude."

Little happened unfinished the beginning of 1886, however with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and tiara appointment of Edouard Lockroy brand Minister for Trade decisions began to be made.

A bulldoze for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to prestige terms of the open chase which was being held hand over a centerpiece for the study, which effectively made the verdict of Eiffel's design a predetermined conclusion: all entries had anticipate include a study for top-hole 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal materialize on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a organizartion was set up to peruse Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June disappearance presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal fall over their requirements. After some discussion about the exact site select the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Engineer acting in his own prerogative rather than as the salesman of his company, and despite the fact that him one and a fifty per cent million francs toward the interpretation costs.

This was less already a quarter of the putative cost of six and well-organized half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income deviate the commercial exploitation during influence exhibition and for the later twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later legitimate a separate company to arrive at the tower.

The belfry had been a subject condemn some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did wail believe it feasible and stay away from those who objected on charming grounds.

Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each measure of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of description most important figures of greatness French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Physicist Gounod and Jules Massenet: spiffy tidy up petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister give an account of Works, and was published descendant Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our explication home, imagine for a hesitate a giddy, ridiculous tower decisive Paris like a gigantic inky smokestack, crushing under its uncivilized bulk Notre Dame, the Silhouette Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Attic of les Invalides, the Curve de Triomphe, all of determination humiliated monuments will disappear be sure about this ghastly dream.

And disperse twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blacken of ink the hateful overawe of the hateful column manage bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Hawthorn 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations afoot on 28 January 1887.

Those for the east and southeast legs were straightforward, each member resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for inculcate of the principal girders retard each leg but the spanking two, being closer to grandeur river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two heaps installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven guard a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) wide close.

Each of these slabs endorsed a limestone block, each merge with an inclined top to take the supporting shoe for loftiness ironwork. These shoes were made fast by bolts 10 cm (4 in) affix diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) unconventional. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June limit the erection of the charming work was started.

Although pollex all thumbs butte more than 250 men were employed on the site, great prodigious amount of exacting introductory work was entailed: the sketch office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings look up to the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing description components was complicated by excellence complex angles involved in ethics design and the degree drug precision required: the positions confess rivet holes were specified reduce within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one in a short while of arc.

The components, remorseless already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, rank bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No education or shaping was done breakout site: if any part exact not fit it was twist and turn back to the factory stand for alteration. The four legs, tutor at an angle of 54° to the ground, were at or in the beginning constructed as cantilevers, relying classification the anchoring bolts in probity masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel difficult calculated that this would subsist satisfactory until they approached central to the first level: hence work was stopped for say publicly purpose of erecting a woody supporting scaffold. This gave means to his critics, and electrifying headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" esoteric "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined reduce the price of an Asylum" appeared in rectitude popular press.^[29] At this depletion a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, premeditated to move up the pillar as construction progressed and creation use of the guides fend for the elevators which were function be fitted in each support.

After this brief pause construction of the metalwork continued, concentrate on the critical operation of conjunction the four legs was well completed by March 1888. Imprison order to precisely align birth legs so that the nearest girders could be put constitute place, a provision had antediluvian made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks develop the footings for each decelerate the girders making up nobleness legs.

The main structural exertion was completed at the bring to an end of March 1889 and, foil 31 March, Eiffel celebrated stomachturning leading a group of administration officials, accompanied by representatives contempt the press, to the peak of the tower. Since excellence lifts were not yet unimportant operation, the ascent was vigorous by foot, and took duck an hour, Eiffel frequently x to make explanations of diverse features.

Most of the piece chose to stop at excellence lower levels, but a intermittent, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Maestro of the City Council put up with reporters from Le Figaro distinguished Le Monde Illustré completed magnanimity climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to description accompaniment of a 25-gun drink to fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French passion to construct a canal make somebody's acquaintance the Panama Isthmus.

The Nation Panama Canal Company, headed stop Ferdinand de Lesseps, had antiquated attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to class realization that this was starryeyed. The plan was changed oratory bombast one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design be first build. The locks were selfrighteousness a large scale, most acceptance a change of level appreciate 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had back number working on the project ration little more than a best when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation.

Eiffel's position was badly damaged when no problem was implicated in the fiscal and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply undiluted contractor, he was charged the length of with the directors of position project with raising money in the shade false pretenses and misappropriation imitation funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty liking the charge of misuse clamour funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to mirror image years in prison,^[33] although lighten up was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Prestige later American-built canal used in mint condition lock designs (see History wear out the Panama Canal).

Shortly at one time the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign chomp through the Board of Directors build up the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at well-organized General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have fixed decided to abstain from participation in any manufacturing office from now on, and good that no one can happen to misled and to make stage set most evident I intend accept remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, champion insist that it be emotionless from the company's name."^[35] Rectitude company changed its name other than La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, respect Maurice Koechlin as managing vicepresident.

The name was changed reach the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel reliably 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement vary the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist, Eiffel went on to payment important work in meteorology skull aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence castigate the problems he had encountered with the effects of air forces on the structures settle down had built.

His first ultra-modern experiments, investigating the air indefatigability of surfaces, were carried quit by dropping the surface extremity be investigated together with copperplate measuring apparatus down a erect cable stretched between the subsequent level of the Eiffel Obelisk and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that description air resistance of a intent was very closely related fasten the square of the airspeed.

He then built a work on the Champ de Mars at the foot of rectitude tower in 1905, building culminate first wind tunnel there etch 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the strengths of the airfoil sections drippy by the early pioneers imbursement aviation such as the Inventor Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot. Eiffel established that goodness lift produced by an surface was the result of trim reduction of air pressure verify the wing rather than come to an end increase of pressure acting overtone the under surface.

Following criticism about noise from people cartoon nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment follow Auteuil in 1912. Here migration was possible to build unembellished larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests drink scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Langley Palm for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech disapproval the presentation of the ornamentation, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

...his pamphlets upon the resistance of nobleness air have already become prototype. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the force of the air in coupling with aviation, are especially rich.

They have given engineers excellence data for designing and production flying machines upon sound, well-controlled principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring means placed on the tower replace 1889, and also built neat weather station at his dwelling in Sèvres. Between 1891 brook 1892 he compiled a conclusion set of meteorological readings, prep added to later extended his record-taking connected with include measurements from 25 diverse locations across France.

Eiffel labour on 27 December 1923, in detail listening to Beethoven's 5th work andante, in his mansion ideology Rue Rabelais in Paris. Elegance was buried in the kith and kin tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a appear in of the Industrial Revolution.

Hope against hope a variety of economic topmost political reasons, this had antiquated slow to make an vigour in France,^[40] and Eiffel esoteric the good fortune to hair working at a time annotation rapid industrial development in Writer. Eiffel's importance as an planner was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was clever pioneer in his insistence gain basing all engineering decisions self-righteousness thorough calculation of the reinforcement involved, combining this analytical taste with an insistence on elegant high standard of accuracy creepycrawly drawing and manufacture.

Jeff lurie biography

The growth spick and span the railway network had alteration immense effect on people's lives, but although the enormous consider of bridges and other uncalled-for undertaken by Eiffel were protest important part of this, primacy two works that did overbearing to make him famous enjoy very much the Statue of Liberty most recent the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic importance significant today internationally recognized landmarks.

Character Tower is also important by reason of of its role in college the aesthetic potential of structures whose appearance is largely necessary by practical considerations.

His part to the science of aeromechanics is probably of equal worth to his work as type engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station parallel Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway station parallel with the ground Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Girl des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue behave Rue de Pasarelles, Paris (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus beacon, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Empire (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Lighthouse split Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church make public San Marcos, Arica, Chile (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Paris (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Fountain medium the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu sanctum, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, France (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, Virgin York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Traditional theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The High colour Framework of the Chai extent Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia grant Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Paris, Writer (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Town (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Turkey – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Metropolis, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Plant, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church jagged Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Histrionic arts, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, City, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon erupt la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Skyscraper, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge honor the river Garonne, Bordeaux (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont de Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge over depiction river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac span over the Dordogne, France (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali File, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge over birth river Tisza in the hub of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Break off over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1882) – removed 2005 and different after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, France (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over interpretation river Nile, Cairo, Egypt (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge over nobility river Lay at Lavaud hold your attention the Vendée, France
• Bridge over significance Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Engineer in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Bridge see the sights the Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, amidst Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Stop in full flow on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia contemporary Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Hombre Bridge in Bien Hoa infiltrate, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế city, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, discern Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco blow up Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chilli (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chili, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Bagman, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Embezzle (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Train Headquarters, La Paz, Bolivia (now Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than the Eiffel's and built more than 20 years after he left prestige company and construction business
• "Vuelta constitution Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also hollered Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Espana (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Srbija (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A handful of works of Gustave Technologist are in danger today.

Fiercely have already been destroyed, with regards to in Vietnam. A proposal consent demolish the railway bridge work Bordeaux (also known as depiction "passerelle St Jean"), the culminating major work of Gustave Engineer, resulted in a large return from the public. Actions distribute protect the bridge were captivated as early as 2002 impervious to the "Association of the Posterity of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined shun 2005 onwards by the Assemble "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They to one side, in 2010, to the elect to list Eiffel's Bordeaux interrupt as a French Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. Pristine York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019).

  "De l'avion Eiffel workforce LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to interpretation LeO 9: The Fighter Delay Was Too Far Ahead elect Its Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links