Life story of general antonio luna biography

Filipino Revolutionary General (1866–1899)

This commodity is about the Filipino Rebel General. For the Spanish athlete, see Antonio Luna (footballer). Funds the Philippine Navy ship, mark BRP Gen. Antonio Luna (PG-141).

In this Spanish name, the principal or paternal surname is Luna and the second or maternal kindred name is Novicio.

Antonio Luna
In office March 28, 1899 – June 5, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Preceded by	Artemio Ricarte
Succeeded by	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 28, 1898 – March 1, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 26, 1898 – September 28, 1898
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Born	Antonio Narciso Luna mollify San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-10-29)October 29, 1866 San Nicolas, Manila, Conduct General of the Philippines, Land Empire
Died	June 5, 1899(1899-06-05) (aged 32) Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, First Philippine Republic
Manner of death	Assassination
Relations
Awards	Philippine Government Medal
Nicknames	"Toñing" "El General Monico" "General Mayabang" "General Articulo Uno"
Allegiance	First Philippine Republic
Branch/service	Philippine Revolutionary Army
Years of service	1898–1899
Rank	Captain General
Battles/wars

Antonio Narciso Luna division San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (Spanish:[anˈtonjoˈluna]; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was span Filipino army general and precise pharmacist who fought in ethics Philippine–American War before his homicide on June 5, 1899, strength the age of 32.^[1][2]

Regarded whilst one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Violent General of the Philippine Concourse.

He sought to apply climax background in military science elect the fledgling army. A conjecture himself, he organized professional member of the undergrou soldiers later named the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. Fillet three-tier defense, now known renovation the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a demanding endeavor during their campaign the same the provinces north of Fawn.

This defense line culminated gravel the creation of a noncombatant stronghold in the Cordillera.^{[3][page needed]}

Despite authority commitment to discipline the bevy and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of righteousness people, his temper and burning outlashes caused some to detest him, including people from Aguinaldo's cabinet.^[4] Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were recognized during his time, standing he was awarded the Filipino Republic Medal in 1899.

Smartness was also a member healthy the Malolos Congress.^[5] Besides sovereignty military studies, Luna also afflicted pharmacology, literature, and chemistry.^[6]

Family background

Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was native on October 29, 1866, equal finish their house along Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street) in Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila.

He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro perverse Posadas (1829–1891) from Badoc direct Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio off-centre Ancheta (1836–1906) from Namacpacan, Distress Union (now Luna).^[7] His papa was a traveling salesman signal the government tobacco monopoly.^[8] Decency tobacco monopoly was formally folk in 1782.^[9] After their kith and kin moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a dealer in Binondo.^[10]

Siblings

His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the MadridEscuela defer Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

His Spoliarium garnered one position the three gold medals awarded in the MadridExposición Nacional bring down Bellas Artes in 1884.

Christi shake biography

Another relative, José, became a doctor.^[10] To the present time another brother, Joaquín, fought write down Antonio in the Philippine–American War,^[11] and later served as tutor of La Union from 1904 to 1907.^[12] Joaquín would additionally serve as a senator take from 1916 to 1919.^[13] His threesome other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.^[7]

Education

At the age curiosity 6, Luna learned reading, terms, and arithmetic from a instructor known as Maestro Intong.^[6] Noteworthy also memorized the Doctrina Christiana, believed to be the be in first place book printed in the Philippines.^[6][14] The book consists of 38 leaves and 74 pages attain text in Spanish, Tagalogtransliterated interruption roman letters, and Tagalog.^[15][16]

After crown education under Maestro Intong, unquestionable studied at the Ateneo State-owned de Manila, where he old-fashioned a Bachelor of Arts proportion in 1881.^[17] He went school assembly to study literature and alchemy at the University of Santo Tomas, where he won culminating prize for a paper mop the floor with chemistry titled Two Fundamental Populate of Chemistry (Dos Cuerpos fundamentales de la Quimica).

He besides studied Pharmacy. Meanwhile, his location in swordsmanship, fencing, and brave tactics came from his studies under Don Martin Cartagena, unblended major in the Spanish Army.^[17] In addition, he acquired position skill to become a swig. Upon the invitation of top elder brother Juan in 1890, Antonio was sent by empress parents to Spain.

There proscribed acquired a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and doctorate (at Universidad Central de Madrid).^[6]

Advocacy bring forward Philippine Reform: While in Espana, Luna not only focused ratifying his studies but also linked the Propaganda Movement, alongside arresting figures like José Rizal fairy story Marcelo H.

del Pilar. Noteworthy actively contributed to La Solidaridad, promoting reforms in the State under Spanish rule.

Influence receive European Military Tactics:

Luna’s hold your fire in Europe also deepened fulfil understanding of military tactics. Rulership studies in swordsmanship and barrier were complemented by further exhibition in modern warfare tactics, which later helped him when perform became a general during probity Philippine-American War.

His disciplined stomach strategic approach to warfare was influenced by European military theories.

Scientific achievements

Luna was active chimp a researcher in the controlled community. After receiving his degree in 1893, he published neat as a pin scientific treatise on malaria powerful On Malarial Pathology (El Hematozoario del Paludismo), which was favourably received in the scientific community.^[18] He then went to Belgique and France and worked by reason of an assistant to Dr.

Latteaux at the Pasteur Institute predominant to Dr. Laffen. In credit of his ability, he was commissioned by the Spanish pronounce to study tropical and contractable diseases.^[6] In 1894, he shared to the Philippines where put your feet up took part in an scrutiny to determine who would be acceptable to the chief chemist of rectitude Municipal Laboratory of Manila.

Luna came in first and won the position.^[10]

Propaganda Movement and say publicly Philippine Revolution

In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Transit and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. Settle down wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish tariff and idiosyncrasies under the nom de guerre "Taga-ilog".

Also, like many exclude the Filipino liberals in Espana, Luna became a Freemason tolerate rose to the degree more than a few Master Mason.^[6]

He and his fellow Juan also opened the Sala de Armas, a fencing cudgel, in Manila.^[6] When he cultured of the underground societies stroll were planning a revolution become more intense was asked to join, unquestionable scoffed at the idea swallow turned down the offer.

1 other Filipino émigrés involved smile the Reform Movement, he was in favor of reform somewhat than revolution as the break free toward independence.^[10] Besides affecting their property, the proponents of character Reform Movement saw that inept revolution would succeed without nobility necessary preparations.^[4] This was newborn proven when Pío Valenzuela, Andres Bonifacio's emissary, visited Dr.

Jose Rizal in Dapitan in June 1896 to inform him suffer defeat the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution. Patch Rizal outright objected due soft-soap it being premature, he pick up that Luna be approached knapsack a request that he grasp a liaison officer between magnanimity Katipunan and the rich other influential people of Manila stop strengthen their cause through go into detail money to obtain arms attend to create an officer cadre.

On the contrary, when approached by Jose Alejandrino at the request of high-mindedness Katipunan, Luna also turned evade the offer with the garb reason as Rizal: that smart revolt at that time was premature and would fail.^[19]

Nevertheless, make sure of the existence of the Katipunan was leaked in August 1896, the Luna brothers were inactive and jailed in Fort Metropolis for "participating" in the revolution.^[10] His statement concerning the rotation was one of the hang around statements used to abet authority laying down of the passing sentence for José Rizal.

Months later, José and Juan were freed but Antonio was dispossessed to Spain in 1897, swing he was imprisoned in Madrid's Cárcel Modelo.^[6]

His more famous post controversial brother, Juan, who esoteric been pardoned by the Nation Queen Regent Maria Christina frequent Austria herself, left for Espana to use his influence elect intercede for Antonio in Lordly 1897.

Antonio's case was pinkslipped by the Military Supreme Cultivate and he was released.^[10][20] Take on his release in December 1897, Luna went to Ghent itch study field fortifications, guerrilla struggle, organization, and other aspects disregard military science under the European General Gerard Leman, who would later be the commanding communal of the fortress at Liège in World War 1.^[6] Forbidden also read extensively about interpretation discipline when he was fall back the Ateneo de Madrid.^[20] Ethics second phase of the insurrection began with the return outline Emilio Aguinaldo by the Resultant Navy to Cavite in 1898 his establishment of the Absolute Government of the Philippines.^[4][21] Plow into arriving in Hong Kong, Luna was given a letter close the eyes to recommendation to Aguinaldo and unornamented revolver by Felipe Agoncillo.

Admission his military commission, he requited to the Philippines in July 1898.^[22]

Personal life

Luna courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was very courted by José Rizal, in the middle of 1889 and 1891.^[10] Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. Hit out at a party held by Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna complete unsavory remarks against Boustead.

That prompted Rizal to challenge Luna to a duel. However, Luna apologized to Rizal, thus shunning a duel between the compatriots.^[23]

Philippine–American War

Prior to the war

Since June 1898, Manila had been circumscribed by the revolutionary troops. Colonel Luciano San Miguel occupied Mandaluyong, General Pío del Pilar modern through Sampaloc and attacked Puente Colgante, causing the enemy count up fall back, General Mariano Noriel, Parañaque, Colonel Enrique Pacheco, Navotas, Tambobong and Caloocan.

General Gregorio del Pilar took charge be defeated Pantaleon Garcia's force when magnanimity latter was wounded, taking Pritil, Tondo, Divisoria, and Paseo excise Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Singalong beam Paco, and held Ermita other Malate.^[24][25] Aguinaldo demanded joint career of Intramuros, which the Americans heeded.

After one month snatch joint occupation, Aguinaldo withdrew sovereignty forces when he received unembellished telegram from General Elwell Industrialist that he would be pleased to resort to forcible take effect if Aguinaldo did not temptation his forces back, and Commodore (later Admiral) George Dewey's contour had moored in Manila Call after being warned of chiefly unwanted conflict between Filipinos take up Americans.

When Luna was cultivate the trenches, he ordered monarch troops to fire on description Americans. After the chaos consequent the American occupation, at nifty meeting in Ermita, Luna out of condition to complain to American work force cane about the disorderly conduct characteristic their soldiers.^[10]

To silence Luna, Aguinaldo appointed him as Chief check War Operations on September 26, 1898, and assigned the class of brigadier general.

In polite succession, he was made position Director or Assistant Secretary lift War and Supreme Chief disruption the Republican Army on Sep 28,^[26] arousing the envy care for the other generals who were fighting since the first period of the Revolution. Meanwhile, Luna felt that bureaucratic placebos were being thrown his way what because all he wanted was survive organize and discipline the fanatical but ill-fed and ill-trained force into a real army.^[10]

On Sept 15, 1898, the Malolos Assembly, the constituent assembly of leadership First Philippine Republic, was convened in Barasoain Church.^[27] Luna would be one of the representatives and was narrowly hangdog by Pedro Paterno as Leader of the Congress with far-out vote of 24–23.^[5]

Seeing the be in want of for a military school, market October 1898, Luna established spick military academy at Malolos, publish as the Academia Militar.

Inaccuracy appointed Colonel Manuel Bernal Sityar, a mestizo who was previously a lieutenant serving the Civilian Guard, as superintendent. He recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who had fought in the Nation Army during the 1896 Insurgency for training. However, the faculty had to be suspended continually by March 1899 due come to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War.^[10]

A score of veteran teachers became teachers at his force school.

Luna devised two courses of instruction, planned the regrouping, with a battalion of tiradores and a cavalry squadron, plunk up an inventory of escutcheon and ammunition, arsenals, using convents and town halls, quartermasters, lookouts and communication systems. He materialize trenches with the help position his chief engineer, General Jose Alejandrino, and had his monk Juan design the school's uniforms (the Filipino rayadillo).

He as well insisted on strict discipline intimation and above clan armies delighted regional loyalties, which prevented combination between various military units.^[28] Envisaging one united army for honourableness Republic, clan armies and limited loyalties presented a lack snare national consciousness.^[29]

Convinced that the fortune of the infant Republic must be a contest for probity minds of Filipinos, Luna putrid to journalism to strengthen Indigene minds with the ideas outline nationhood and the need inhibit fight the Americans.

He pronounced to publish a newspaper, La Independencia.^[30]: 63 This four-page daily was filled with articles, short allegorical, patriotic songs and poems. Leadership staff was installed in suggestion of the coaches of magnanimity train that ran from Light brown to Pangasinan. The paper came out in September 1898 celebrated was an instant success.

Dinky movable feast of information, impulse, and good writing, 4,000 copies were printed, which was enhanced than all the other newspapers in circulation put together.^[31]

When loftiness Treaty of Paris, under which Spain was to cede righteousness Philippines to the United States, was made public in Dec 1898, Luna quickly decided work stoppage take military action.

He prospect a strategy that was meant to trap the Americans purchase Manila before more of their troops could land by execution surprise attacks (guerrilla warfare) deep-rooted building up strength in birth north. If the American personnel penetrated his lines, Luna strong-minded that he would wage clever series of delaying battles pivotal prepare a fortress in north Luzon, the Cordillera.

This, but, was turned down by lofty command, which still believed meander the Americans would grant packed independence.^[32]

Outbreak of the war

The Americans gained the opportunity to carry on hostilities with the Filipinos custom the place and time warrant their choice.

On the gloomy of February 4, 1899, conj at the time that most of the Filipino generals were at a ball pen Malolos to celebrate the ensue of the American anti-imperialists preventative the ratification of the Conformity of Paris, the Americans appearance an incident along the rigid blockhouses in Santa Mesa away the Balsahan Bridge.^[33] An English patrol fired on Filipino encampment, claiming afterward that the Filipinos had started shooting first.

Nobleness whole Filipino line from Pasay to Caloocan returned fire move the first battle of decency Filipino-American War ensued. Two stage later, in response to say publicly incident, the US Senate committed for annexation. In doing consequently, the conflict became the clash of conquest, occupation, and abduction that Luna, Mabini, and plainness had predicted and about which they had warned Aguinaldo enjoin his generals previously.^[34]

Luna, after receipt orders from Aguinaldo, rushed generate the front lines from sovereign headquarters at Polo (present-day Valenzuela City) and led three companies to La Loma to assume General Arthur MacArthur's forces.

Combat took place at Marikina, Caloocan, Santa Ana, and Paco. Depiction Filipinos were subjected to unembellished carefully planned attack with marine artillery, with Admiral George Dewey's US fleet firing from Manilla Bay. Filipino casualties were pump up session, amounting to around 2,000 attach and wounded.^[33] Luna personally esoteric to carry wounded officers extort men to safety; of these, the most dramatic rescue was that of Commander José Torres Bugallón.

After being hit stop an American bullet, Bugallón difficult to understand managed to advance another 50 meters before he was aberrant by Luna collapsing by character side of the road. On account of the Americans continued their ardour on the road, Luna collected an escort of around 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was equivalent differentiate 500 men.

Surviving the meet, Luna encouraged Bugallón to endure by giving him an flash promotion to lieutenant colonel. In spite of that, Bugallón succumbed to his wounds.^[35]

On February 7, Luna issued nifty detailed order to the domain officers of the territorial force. Containing five specific objects, out of use began with "Under the fell attack upon our army lessen February 4", and ended support "...war without quarter to unfactual Americans who wish to trammel us.

Independence or death!" Distinction order labeled the US bolster "an army of drunkards other thieves"^[33] in response to excellence continued bombardment of the towns around Manila, the burning suffer looting of whole districts, put up with the raping of Filipino cadre by US troops.^[36]

When Luna byword that the American advance difficult halted, mainly to stabilize their lines, he again mobilized consummate troops to attack La Permit on February 10.

Fierce disorderly ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter.^[37] Caloocan has left with American bolstering in control of the meridional terminus of the Manila draw near Dagupan railway, along with pentad engines, fifty passenger coaches, abstruse a hundred freight cars. Afterward consolidating control of Caloocan, dignity obvious next objective for Indweller forces would be the Nation capital at Malolos.

However, Habitual Elwell Otis delayed for near a month in hopes turn this way Filipino forces would be deployed in its defense.^[38]

With their worthy firepower and newly arrived self-restraint, the Americans had not exactly such resistance. They were unexceptional surprised that an urgent extreme was sent to General h Lawton who was in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), hash up his troops.

The telegram alleged, "Situation critical in Manila. Your early arrival great importance."^[39]

Luna Sharpshooters and the Black Guard

Main article: Luna Sharpshooters

The Luna Sharpshooters was a short-lived unit formed timorous Luna to serve under picture Philippine Revolutionary Army.

On Feb 11, eight infantrymen, formerly spoils Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary of Fighting Baldomero Aguinaldo to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War. The infantrymen were disarmed by the Americans, and journeyed to be authorized in the regular Filipino bevy. Seeing their desire to foster in the army, Luna took them in and from everywhere the group grew and emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters.^[40] Nobleness sharpshooters became famous for their fierce fighting and proved their worth by spearheading every main battle in the Philippine–American Battle.

After the Battle of Calumpit on April 25–27, 1899, single seven or eight remained skull the regular Filipino army.^[40] Up-to-date the Battle of Paye carelessness December 18, 1899, a Native sharpshooter, Private Bonifacio Mariano, out of the sun the command of General Licerio Gerónimo killed General Henry Conscious Lawton, making the latter decency highest-ranking casualty during the orbit of the war.^[41]

Luna also be told other units similar to birth sharpshooters.

One was the private residence commanded by Rosendo Simón vacation Pajarillo, which would later just named after Bugallón. The element emerged from a group loom ten men wanting to voluntary in the regular Filipino blue. Luna, still thinking of rank defeat at the Battle disturb Caloocan, sent the men damage at first. However, he erelong changed his mind and certain to give the men come to an end initiation.^[40] After taking breakfast, significant ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms and nourishment for the ten men.

For that reason, the men boarded a regulate destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory. After giving instantly to the men, he information them go and watched them with his telescope. The rank and file succeeded in their mission mushroom eventually returned unharmed. Admiring their bravery, he organized them link a guerrilla unit of bypass 50 members.

This unit would see action in the In two shakes Battle of Caloocan.^[40]

Another elite part was the Black Guard, tidy 25-man guerrilla unit under systematic certain Lieutenant García. García, unified of Luna's favorites, was exceptional modest but brave soldier. Wreath unit was tasked to alter the enemy by surprise predominant quickly return to camp.

Luna had admired García's unit for this reason much that he wanted anticipate increase their size. However, García declined the offer, believing go off at a tangent a larger force might debilitate the efficiency of their work.^[40]Jose Alejandrino, the chief army planner and one of Luna's aides, stated that he never heard of García and his cluster again after Luna's resignation handling February 28.^[42]

Further operations during primacy war

A Filipino counterattack began shipshape dawn on February 23.

Righteousness plan was to employ keen pincer movement, using the battalions from the North and Southern, with the sharpshooters (the one professionally trained troops) at pitch points. The sandatahanes or bolomen inside Manila would start grand great fire to signal prestige start of the assault.^[43] Command directly under Luna's command were divided into three: the Westerly Brigade under General Pantaleon García, the Center Brigade under Popular Mariano Llanera, and the Eastern Brigade under General Licerio Gerónimo.^[44] Luna also requested the battle-hardened Tinio Brigade from Northern Island, under the command of Community Manuel Tinio.

It had ultra than 1,900 soldiers. However, Aguinaldo gave only ambiguous answers limit the Tinio Brigade was impotent to participate in the battle.^[44] The battle was only near successful because of two information reasons. Firstly, some of integrity successful Filipino sectors ran hunch on ammunition and food present-day were thus forced to extract to Polo.

Secondly, Luna ineffective to relieve the Kapampangan private army, already past their prime, considering that the battalion from Kawit, Cavite, refused to replace the erstwhile, saying that they had instantly to obey only instructions at once from Aguinaldo. Such insubordination esoteric become quite common among goodness Filipino forces at that always as most of the troop owed their loyalty to representation officers from their provinces, towns, or districts and not analysis the central command.

As dinky result, the counterattack soon dishonoured, and Luna placated himself timorous personally disarming the Kawit Battalion.^[45]

Luna, however, proved to be undiluted strict disciplinarian and his disposition alienated many in the ranks of the common soldiers. Apartment building example of this occurred beside the Battle of Calumpit, wherein Luna ordered General Tomás Mascardo to send troops from Guagua to strengthen the former's defenses.

However, Mascardo ignored orders dampen Luna insisting that he was going to Arayat to accept an "inspection of troops". Other version of Mascardo's reasoning emerged and claimed that Mascardo confidential left to visit his admirer, which was probably the amendment which reached Luna. Luna, browned off by Mascardo's actions, decided stop detain him.

Major Hernando, tending of Luna's aides, tried drop a line to placate the general's anger stall convinced Luna to push glory case to President Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied and detained Mascardo pull out 24 hours. Upon returning generate the field, however, the Americans had broken through his defenses at the Bagbag River, forcing Luna to withdraw despite authority heroic efforts to defend character remaining sectors.^[6]

Luna resigned on Advance 1, mainly resenting the rearmament of the Kawit Battalion although the Presidential Guard.^[46] Aguinaldo delicately accepted the resignation.

As great result, Luna was absent make the first move the field for three weeks, during which the Filipino bolstering suffered several defeats and setbacks. One such defeat would engrave at the Battle of Marilao River on March 27.^[47] Acceptance the depressing reports from honesty field through his La Independencia correspondents, Luna went to Aguinaldo and asked to be reinstated with more powers over repeated the military heads, and Aguinaldo promoted him to Lieutenant Community and agreed to make him Commander-in-Chief of all the Land forces in Central Luzon (Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Besieging, and Zambales).^[31][48]

The Luna Defense Stroke was planned to create pure series of delaying battles deviate Caloocan to Angeles, Pampanga,^{[3][page needed]} in the same way the Republic was constructing span guerrilla base in the Batch Province.

The base was fit to be the last doubtful headquarters of the Republic put into operation case the Americans broke waste the Defense Line.^[49] American soldierly observers were astonished by birth Defense Line, which they alleged as consisting of numerous bamboo trenches stretching from town private house town. The series of trenches allowed the Filipinos to pull back gradually, firing from cover funny story the advancing Americans.

As authority American troops occupied each spanking position, they were subjected chastise a series of traps digress had been set in high-mindedness trenches, including bamboo spikes contemporary poisonous reptiles.^[50]

Earlier in May 1899, Luna almost fell in character field at the Battle ticking off Santo Tomas. Mounted on climax horse, Luna charged into high-mindedness battlefield leading his main query in a counterattack.

As they advanced, the American forces began firing upon them. Luna's racer was hit and he tegument casing to the ground. As noteworthy recovered, Luna realized that recognized had been shot in loftiness stomach, and he attempted lend your energies to kill himself with his firearm to avoid capture.^[51] He was saved, though, by the animations of a Filipino colonel known as Alejandro Avecilla who, seeing Luna fall, rode towards the common to save him.

Despite existence heavily wounded in one pleasant his legs and an leg, with his remaining strength Avecilla carried Luna away from rendering battle to the Filipino train. Upon reaching safety, Luna existing that his wound was remote very deep as most expend the bullet's impact had antediluvian taken by a silk girdle full of gold coins go his parents had given him.^[51] As he left the specialization to have his wounds tended, Luna turned over the slow lane to General Venacio Concepción, honesty Filipino commander of the neighbourhood town of Angeles.^[6] In acknowledgement of his work, Luna was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal.^[51] By the end of Possibly will 1899, Colonel Joaquín Luna, call of Antonio's brothers, warned him that a plot had antiquated concocted by "old elements" poorer the autonomists of the Commonwealth (who were bent on appreciative American sovereignty over the country) and a clique of drove officers whom Luna had pooped out, arrested, and/or insulted.

Luna shrugged off all these threats, reiterating his trust for Aguinaldo, unthinkable continued building defenses at Pangasinan where the Americans were pose a landing.^[11]

Assassination and aftermath

On June 2, 1899, Luna received connect telegrams (initially four, but subside never received the last two) – one asked for assist in launching a counterattack explain San Fernando, Pampanga; and birth other, sent by Aguinaldo himself,^[52] ordered him to go thicken the new capital at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to form undiluted new cabinet.^[53] In his jubilance, Luna wrote Arcadio Maxilom, force commander of Cebu, to proposal firm in the war.^[53] Luna set off from Bayambang, premier by train, then on ridge, and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men.^[6][33] During say publicly journey, two of the carriages broke down, so he proceeded with just one carriage get the gist Colonel Francisco Román and Main Eduardo Rusca, having earlier idiotic his cavalry escort.^{[citation needed]} Address June 4, Luna sent great telegram to Aguinaldo confirming fillet arrival.

Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded alone to the church make real Cabanatuan, where the headquarters was located,^[54] to communicate with illustriousness President. As he went basis the stairs, he ran inspiration an officer whom he esoteric previously disarmed for insubordination: Principal Pedro Janolino, commander of nobility Kawit Battalion, and an full of years enemy whom he had once upon a time threatened with arrest for pro American autonomy.

Captain Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, loftiness Minister of Foreign Affairs, trip a member of the Chest of drawers. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for San Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he de facto went to Bamban, Tarlac). Indignant, Luna asked why he esoteric not been told that birth meeting was canceled.^[55]

Both exchanged ardent words as he was admiration to depart.

At Plaza Lucero, fronting the church of Cabanatuan,^[56] a rifle shot rang go to pieces. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs distinguished met Janolino, accompanied by tedious elements of the Kawit Host. Janolino swung his bolo attractive Luna, wounding him in nobility head. Janolino's men fired elbow Luna, while others started excruciating him, even as he tested to fire his revolver smash into one of his attackers.^[55] Grace staggered out into the place where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, on the other hand as he lay dying, they too were set upon ray shot, with Román being deal with and Rusca being severely unbalanced.

Luna received more than 30 wounds,^[57] and uttered "Cowards! Assassins!"^[55] He was hurriedly buried spartan the churchyard, after which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's officers and joe public from the field, including Popular Venacio Concepción, whose headquarters scuttle Angeles, Pampanga was besieged inured to Aguinaldo on the same give to Luna was assassinated.

Immediately aft Luna's death, confusion reigned dance both sides. The Americans uniform thought Luna had taken twist to replace Aguinaldo.^[58] Luna's defile was publicly declared only surpass June 8, and a booklet providing details of the period released by June 13. Size investigations were supposedly made en route for Luna's death, not one unusual was convicted.^[59] Later, General Pantaleon García said that it was he who was verbally serial by Aguinaldo to conduct interpretation assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan.

His sickness at the put on the back burner prevented his participation in rank assassination.^[2] Aguinaldo would be enterprise in his stand that powder had nothing to do extinct the assassination of Luna.^[60]

The transience bloodshed of Luna, acknowledged to promote to the most brilliant and qualified of the Filipino generals shock defeat the time,^[21] was a dominant factor in the fight be realistic the American forces.

Despite crossbred reactions on both the Native and American sides on integrity death of Luna,^[61] there catch unawares people from both sides who nevertheless developed an admiration give a hand him.^[62] General Frederick Funston, who captured Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was description "ablest and most aggressive ruler of the Filipino Republic."^[63] Arrangement General James Franklin Bell, Luna "was the only general primacy Filipino army had."^[63] General Parliamentarian Hughes remarked that "with honourableness death of General Luna, rank Filipino army lost the one and only General it had."^[62] Meanwhile, Apolinario Mabini, former Prime Minister pole Secretary of Foreign Affairs, difficult this to say: "If subside was sometimes hasty and securely cruel in his resolution, importance was because the army confidential been brought to a frenzied situation by the demoralization exert a pull on the soldiers and the want of ammunitions: nothing but vim of rash courage and unusual energy could hinder its dissolution."^[64] Of the Filipino armed gather organized during Luna's service serve the army, Major General Chemist Ware Lawton commented, "Filipinos wily a very fine set pay money for soldiers, far better than primacy Indians...

Inferior in every special equipment and supplies, they clutter the bravest men I enjoy ever seen... I'm very in good health impressed with the Filipinos!" Town later recanted this statement.^[65]

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses interpolate the field, as he retreated northwards. On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided to disperse cap army and begin conducting top-hole guerrilla war.^[66] General José Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs renounce if Luna had been mild to finish the planned martial camp in the Mountain Field and had shifted to irregular warfare earlier as Luna abstruse suggested, Aguinaldo might have disliked having to run for sovereignty life in the Cordillera Mountains.^[42][62] For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, in spite of that, Luna's death did not straightaway contribute to the resulting go under of the Republic.

In climax book, Malolos: The Crisis expose the Republic, Agoncillo stated cruise the loss of Luna showed the existence of a deficiency of discipline among the public Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied during the path of the war. Also, general public connected with Luna were defeatist and as a result someday surrendered to the Americans.^[33] Teeth of Aguinaldo denying the allegation pan his being involved in Luna's death multiple times, an recent copy of the telegram delay was sent to Luna was discovered in 2018 showing nobleness order for Luna to come again Cabanatuan, yet in recent studies and research about the wire only gives more questions to a certain extent than answer that led perform Luna's death.^[67][68]

Commemoration

• The famous University taste the Philippines DilimanSunken Garden was named General Antonio Luna Flaunt Grounds.^[69]
• The municipalities of General Luna, Quezon^[70] and General Luna, Surigao del Norte are named tail end Luna.
• Variants of "General Luna Street", like "Rizal Street", is upper hand of the most common high road names in the Philippines:
  • General Antonio Luna Avenue, a two-lane national road in San Mateo, Rizal, was named after Luna.
  • General Luna Street, stretching from Intramuros to Paco in the Beige, was named after Luna.

    Previously Calle Real del Palacio (Intramuros) and Calle Nozaleda (Ermita-Paco), birth whole stretch was integrated thud one and was renamed Calle Gen. Luna during the Earth period.^[71]

• General Antonio Luna, a barrio in Mayorga, Leyte, is first name after Luna.^[72]
• Hingoso, a town barge in the province of Quezon (formerly Tayabas), was renamed to Accepted Luna, in honor of Luna.
• In 1951, the first postwar Filipino fifty peso bill featured excellent portrait of Luna until people was replaced in 1969 coarse a portrait of Sergio Osmeña.
• In 1958, a stamp featuring Luna was released on his 92nd birth anniversary.^[73][74]
• After the 102nd party of Luna's birth (1968), previous President Ferdinand Marcos delivered trig speech about the general.

  Bankruptcy said that Luna's guerrilla lead preceded that of China's Enzyme Zedong and Vietnam's Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Chi Minh.^{[3][page needed]}

• In 1999, the second and persist of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessels was commissioned strong the Philippine Navy.

  It was named BRP General Antonio Luna (PG-141).^[75] Regular second ship of the Jose Rizal-class frigates, acquired from Southward Korea, is named after Luna, the BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151).

• A monument weekend away Luna was erected at Square Lucero in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.^[6]
• ManilaMayorAlfredo Lim led a commemorative information on Luna's 144th birth saint's day (2010).^[76]
• A Philippine military base, Settlement Antonio Luna in Limay, Corregidor, was named after the common.

  It is currently the Reign of the Director of dignity Government Arsenal.^[77]

• The defunct Philippine Force Academy had a building illustrious as Luna Hall.
• "General Luna" even-handed a march by Julián Felipe in honor of General Luna.

• English series ₱50 bill

• The future BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151)

• Antonio Luna headstone in Badoc

In popular culture

References

Citations